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public opinion is behind this policy

  • 1 public opinion is behind this policy

    Politics english-russian dictionary > public opinion is behind this policy

  • 2 opinion

    n
    мнение, заключение

    to be of the opinion — считать; полагать; придерживаться мнения

    to differ in opinion — расходиться во мнениях / во взглядах

    to exchange opinions (on smth) — обмениваться мнениями (по какому-л. вопросу)

    to give an advisory opinion (on smth) — давать консультативные заключения (по какому-л. вопросу)

    to maintain one's opinion — отстаивать свое мнение

    to manipulate public opinion — обрабатывать общественное мнение, манипулировать общественным мнением

    to play to public opinion — подстраиваться под общественное мнение; искать популярности

    to share smb's opinion — разделять чье-л. мнение

    to support smb's opinion — присоединяться к чьей-л. точке зрения

    to uphold one's opinion — отстаивать свое мнение

    to write down one's opinion — отзываться о чем-л.

    - advisory opinion
    - all shades of opinion
    - ascertaining of opinion
    - authoritative opinion
    - black opinion
    - broad spectrum of opinion
    - collective opinion
    - common opinion
    - community of opinions
    - comprehensive and frank exchange of opinion
    - concurrence of opinions
    - current opinion
    - differences of opinion
    - dissenting opinion
    - divergence of opinion
    - division of opinion
    - embittered opinion
    - enlightened public opinion
    - expert opinion
    - free exchange of opinions
    - free flow of public opinion
    - grassroots opinion
    - in our opinion
    - independent opinion
    - international public opinion
    - legal opinion
    - liberal opinion
    - mean opinion
    - middle-of-the-road opinion
    - mutual opinion
    - original opinion
    - personal opinion
    - polarization of opinions
    - positive opinion
    - pro-government opinion
    - progressive opinion
    - public opinion is behind this policy
    - public opinion was outraged
    - public opinion
    - roundup of press opinion
    - sampling of public opinion
    - separate opinion
    - sharp differences of opinion
    - slide in public opinion
    - sound opinion
    - state of public opinion
    - strong opinion
    - subjective opinion
    - the tide of opinion is following more strongly against smth
    - there is a growing body of opinion that...
    - they are entitled to their opinion
    - unanimous opinion
    - wide body of opinion
    - wide section of opinion

    Politics english-russian dictionary > opinion

  • 3 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 4 a

    prep.
    1 to.
    voy a Madrid I'm going to Madrid
    me voy al extranjero I'm going abroad
    llegó a Buenos Aires/a la fiesta he arrived in Buenos Aires/at the party
    2 at (moment).
    a las siete at seven o'clock
    a los once años at the age of eleven
    al caer la noche at nightfall
    al oír la noticia se desmayó on hearing the news, she fainted
    Llegué al amanecer I arrived at dawn.
    3 per, every (frecuency).
    40 horas a la semana 40 hours per o a week
    tres veces al día three times a day
    4 to.
    dáselo a Ricardo give it to Ricardo
    dile a Ricardo que venga tell Ricardo to come
    5 to.
    entró a pagar he came in to pay
    aprender a nadar to learn to swim
    6 by, about to, for.
    * * *
    A, a
    ► nombre femenino (pl as o aes)
    1 (la letra) A, a
    ————————
    A
    1 ( Alteza) Highness; (abreviatura) H
    ————————
    A
    1 ( autopista) motorway; (abreviatura) M
    ————————
    A
    1 ( amperio) ampere, amp; (símbolo) A
    * * *
    prep.
    1) to
    2) into
    3) in
    4) at
    5) on
    6) with
    * * *
    SF = a (=letra) A, a
    * * *
    a femenino (pl aes) ( read as [a]) the letter A, a
    * * *
    = for, per, to.
    Ex. The fine policy matrix corresponds to the loan policy matrix, cell for cell.
    Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.
    Ex. Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.
    ----
    * a + Adjetivo + escala = on a + Adjetivo + scale.
    * a alguna parte = someplace.
    * a alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * a altas horas de la noche = late at night.
    * a ambas orillas del Atlántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a ambos lados de = on either side of.
    * a ambos lados del Altántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a ambos lados de + Lugar = on both sides of + Lugar.
    * a años luz de = light years away from.
    * a bajas temperaturas = at low temperature.
    * a bajo coste = low-cost.
    * a bajo costo = low-cost.
    * a bajo nivel = low-level.
    * a bajo precio = lower-cost, at a low price, on the cheap.
    * a base de = in the form of, on a diet of.
    * a base de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].
    * a base de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a base de errores = the hard way.
    * a boca de jarro = at close range.
    * a bocajarro = point blank.
    * a bombo y platillo = fanfare, with a bang.
    * a bordo = aboard, on board ship.
    * a bordo de = aboard, onboard.
    * a bordo de un barco = shipboard, on board ship.
    * a buen recaudo = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * a caballo = on horseback, astride.
    * a caballo entre = astride... and..., midway between.
    * a caballo entre... y... = half way between... and....
    * a caballo regalado no se le mira el diente = never look a gift horse in the mouth.
    * a cada rato = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * a cambio = in return.
    * a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.
    * a cambio de nada = for nothing.
    * a cántaros = cats and dogs.
    * a cargo = in the saddle.
    * a cargo (de) = charged with, in charge (of), at the helm (of).
    * a cargo de Alguien = under supervision.
    * a cargo de las riendas = in the saddle.
    * a cargo del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * a cargo del gobierno = government-operated, government-run.
    * a cargo de una sola persona = one-man band.
    * a cargo de voluntarios = volunteer-run.
    * a chorros = profusely.
    * a ciegas = blindfold, blindly, blindfolded, in the dark.
    * a ciencia cierta = for sure, for certain.
    * a cierta distancia = some distance away.
    * a cierta distancia de = off.
    * a cierta distancia de la costa = offshore.
    * a cierta distancia del litoral = offshore.
    * a cobro revertido = reverse charges.
    * a color = multi-colour [multi-color -USA].
    * a comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.
    * a comienzos de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha, in the early part of + Fecha.
    * a comienzos de + Período de Tiempo = by the turn of + Período de Tiempo, at the turn of + Período de Tiempo.
    * a conciencia = deliberately, wilfully [willfully, -USA], by design, on purpose.
    * a condición de que + Subjuntivo = provided (that), providing (that), as long as.
    * a contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * a continuación = next, then, in the following, herewith.
    * a continuación se enumeran = given below.
    * a contracorriente = against the grain.
    * a contraluz = against the light.
    * a contrapelo = against the grain, against the nap.
    * a coro = with one voice, in unison.
    * a corto plazo = before very long, short term [short-term], in the short run, short-range, at short notice, in the short term, short-run.
    * a costa de = at the cost of, at the expense of, at + Nombre's + expense, at cost of.
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * a costa de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a costa de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a criterio de = at the discretion of.
    * a cualquier hora = anytime, around the clock.
    * a cualquier hora del día o de la noche = at any hour of the day or night, at any time of the day or night.
    * a cualquier precio = at any cost, at all costs, at any price.
    * a cuatro aguas = hipped.
    * a cuatro patas = on all fours, on four legs.
    * a cuenta de = at the expense of.
    * a cuenta de la empresa = at company expense.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + expense, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * a cuerpo de rey = the lap of luxury.
    * a cuestas = in tow.
    * a decir de todos = by all accounts.
    * a decir verdad = to tell the truth, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in truth, fact is, the fact is (that), to be fair.
    * a decir verdad... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * a demanda = pro re nata.
    * a deshora(s) = at odd times, out of hours.
    * a día de hoy = as of today.
    * a diario = every day.
    * a diestro y siniestro = like there's no tomorrow.
    * a dieta = on a diet.
    * a diferencia de = apart from, as opposed to, in contradistinction to, as contrasted with, in contrast (to/with), quite apart from, in sharp contrast (with).
    * a diferencia de + Nombre = unlike + Nombre.
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * a discreción = at will, no holds barred.
    * a disgusto = unwillingly, reluctantly.
    * a disposición de = at the disposal of.
    * a distancia = remote, remotely, distantly.
    * a doble espacio = double-spaced.
    * a domicilio = domiciliary.
    * ¿a dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.
    * ¿a dónde va(n)...? = whither?.
    * ¿a dónde vas? = quo vadis, whither thou goest.
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * a dos velas = skint, penniless, broke.
    * a duras penas = with great difficulty.
    * a efectos de = in terms of, for the purpose of + Nombre.
    * a efectos prácticos = to all intents and purposes, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes, to all intents.
    * a él = him.
    * a ellos = them.
    * a escala = drawn-to-scale.
    * a escala industrial = on an industrial scale, industrial-scale.
    * a escala mundial = globally, on a global scale.
    * a escala natural = full-scale.
    * a escondidas = by stealth, stealthily, furtively, on the quiet, on the sly.
    * a eso = thereto.
    * a espaldas de = out of sight of.
    * a estas alturas = by now.
    * a este fin = to this end.
    * a este paso = at this rate.
    * a este respecto = in this respect.
    * a este ritmo = at this rate.
    * a estrenar = brand new.
    * a examen = under the microscope.
    * a excepción de = barring, except for, excepting, other than, with the exception of, short of.
    * a excepción de que = except that.
    * a excepción de uno = with one exception.
    * a expensas de = at the expense of, at + Nombre's + expense.
    * a expensas de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a expensas de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a falta de = for want of, in the absence of, in default of, for lack of, short of.
    * a favor = in favour.
    * a favor de = in favour of.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * a favor de la esclavitud = pro-slavery.
    * a favor de la raza negra = pro-black [problack].
    * a favor de la vida humana = pro-life.
    * a favor y en contra = pro and con.
    * a + Fecha = as per + Fecha.
    * a finales de = by the end of, at the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Expresión Temporal = as of late + Expresión Temporal, at the end of + Expresión Temporal, by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Fecha = in the late + Fecha, in late + Fecha.
    * a finales de los + Década = late + Década, the.
    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo, late period of + Siglo.
    * a fin de cuentas = at the end of the day, in the end, in the final count, in the grand scheme of things, when all is said and done, after all is said and done.
    * a fondo = fully, thoroughly, full-scale.
    * a fondo perdido = non-refundable.
    * ¡a freír espárragos! = on your bike!.
    * a fuerza de = by dint of.
    * a fuerza de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de errores = the hard way.
    * a gas = gas-powered.
    * a gatas = on all fours.
    * a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.
    * a granel = in bulk.
    * a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.
    * a gran velocidad = at great speed.
    * a grito limpio = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * a grito pelado = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * a gritos = vociferously.
    * a groso modo = crudely.
    * a grosso modo = roughly, rough draft.
    * a gusto = at ease, at leisure.
    * a gusto de = to the liking of, at the pleasure of.
    * a horcajadas = astride.
    * a hurtadillas = surreptitiously, by stealth, stealthily, furtively, on the sly.
    * a imitación de lo clásico = classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA].
    * a iniciativa de = at the initiative of.
    * a iniciativas del gobierno = government-led.
    * a instancia de = at the urging of.
    * a instancias de = at the instigation of, at the behest of, under the auspices of.
    * a intervalos = at intervals.
    * a intervalos + Adjetivo = at + Adjetivo + intervals.
    * a intervalos semanales = at weekly intervals.
    * a invitación de = at the invitation of.
    * a jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].
    * a juicio = on trial.
    * a juicio público = in the public eye.
    * a juzgar por = to judge by, judging by, judging from.
    * a la acuarela = water-coloured [water-colored, -USA].
    * a la alcaldía = mayoral.
    * a la altura de = of the stature of, equal to.
    * a la altura de la cintura = waist high, waist deep.
    * a la altura de la rodilla = knee-high.
    * a la altura de los hombros = shoulder-high.
    * a la anchura de los hombros = shoulder-width.
    * a la anochecida = at nightfall.
    * a la antigua = old-style.
    * a la antigua usanza = old-style.
    * a la atención de = c/o (care of).
    * a la baja = on the wane.
    * a la brasa = grilled.
    * a la buena de Dios = out in the cold.
    * a la cabeza de = in the forefront of/in.
    * a la caída de la noche = at nightfall, at twilight.
    * a la caída de la tarde = at twilight.
    * a la carta = a la carte.
    * a la defensiva = on the defensive.
    * a la derecha = at the right.
    * a la derecha de = on the right side of, on the right-hand side of.
    * a la deriva = rudderless.
    * a la discreción de = at the discretion of.
    * a la disposición de Alguien = at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * a la expectativa de = on the lookout for, on the alert for.
    * a la + Expresión Temporal = a + Expresión Temporal.
    * a la fuerza = forcefully, of necessity, forcibly, compulsorily.
    * a la fuga = on the run, on the lam.
    * a la hora de + Infinitivo = when it came to + Gerundio, when it comes to + Gerundio.
    * a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * a la hora del café = at coffee.
    * a la intemperie = in the open, exposed.
    * a la inversa = mirror-fashion, mirror image, in reverse.
    * a la izquierda = at the left.
    * a la larga = in the long term, over the long term, in the end, eventually, for the long pull, over a period of time, over the long haul, in the far term, ultimately, by and by.
    * a la ligera = lightly.
    * a la luz de = in light of, in the light of.
    * a la luz de la luna = by moonlight, in the moonlight, moonlit.
    * a la luz de las estrellas = by starlight.
    * a la luz de las velas = by candlelight, candlelight, candlelit.
    * a la luz del día = in the light of day.
    * a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.
    * a la misma altura que = in the same league as.
    * a la moda = trendy [trendier -comp., trendiest -sup.].
    * a la onda = in the know.
    * a la opinión pública = in the public eye.
    * a la par = in concert, in tandem, neck and neck, in a tandem fashion, in parallel.
    * a la par que = in tandem with, hand in hand (with), as the same time as.
    * a la parrilla = grilled, on the grill.
    * a la perfección = superbly.
    * a la plancha = griddled, on the griddle, on the hotplate.
    * a largo plazo = in the long term, over the long term, long-range, in the long run, long-term, over the long run, over the long haul, long-run, in the far term, far-term.
    * a la salida = on the way out.
    * a la sazón = at that time.
    * a las doce del mediodía = at high noon.
    * a la semana = a week, per week.
    * a las mil maravillas = marvellously [marvelously, -USA], famously, like a house on fire.
    * a la sombra de = in the shadow of.
    * a las puertas de = on the threshold of.
    * a la última = hip [hipper -comp., hippest -sup.], on the fast track, hipped.
    * a la vanguardia = on the cutting edge, on the leading edge, in the fast lane, on the fast track, at the leading edge, on the bleeding edge.
    * a la vanguardia de = in the vanguard of, at the forefront of, in the forefront of/in, at the vanguard of.
    * a la velocidad de la luz = at the speed of light.
    * a la velocidad del rayo = at the speed of lightning.
    * a la velocidad del sonido = at the speed of sound.
    * a la venta = on release.
    * a la vez = at once, at one time, at similar times, at the same time, concurrently, side-by-side, simultaneously, at the same instant, in parallel, in tandem, at the one time, in a tandem fashion, at a time, in unison.
    * a la vez que = hand in hand (with), cum, in conjunction with, in unison with.
    * a la vista = in sight, within sight.
    * a la vista de = in light of, in the light of.
    * a la vuelta de = on the return leg of.
    * a la zaga = not far behind, in tow.
    * al azar = lucky draw, lucky dip.
    * al extremo norte = northernmost.
    * al extremo oeste = westernmost.
    * al hacer esto = in doing so.
    * al norte del estado = upstate.
    * a lo extremo = to the extreme.
    * a lo grande = in a big way, big time, grandly, on a grand scale.
    * a lo hecho, pecho = no use crying over spilt/spilled milk, you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.
    * a lo largo de = along, down, throughout.
    * a lo largo de + Expresión Temporal = sometime + Expresión Temporal.
    * a lo largo de la historia = over time.
    * a lo largo de la ruta = along the way.
    * a lo largo del tiempo = longitudinal, longitudinally.
    * a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.
    * a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].
    * a lo largo y ancho de + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.
    * a lo lejos = in the distance.
    * a lo loco = helter-skelter, like there's no tomorrow.
    * a lo máximo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * a lo mejor = perhaps.
    * a lo que salga = come what may.
    * a los ojos de = in the eyes of.
    * a lo sumo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * al otro lado del atlántico = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del charco = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del océano = across the pond.
    * a lo zombi = zombielike.
    * a mano = by hand, manually, nearby [near-by], handy, within reach, within easy reach.
    * a mano alzada = by a show of hands.
    * a mano derecha de = on the right side of, on the right-hand side of.
    * a manojos = by the handful.
    * a manos de = at the hands of.
    * a marchas forzadas = in a rush, against the clock.
    * a mares = cats and dogs.
    * a más largo plazo = longer-term.
    * a más..., más... = the + Comparativo..., the + Comparativo....
    * a más tardar = at the latest.
    * a mata caballo = in a hurry, hurried, hurriedly, helter-skelter.
    * a media asta = at half-mast, at half staff.
    * a mediados de = in the middle decades of.
    * a mediados de + Fecha = in the mid + Fecha.
    * a mediados de semana = midweek.
    * a media jornada = half-time [half time].
    * a media mañana = mid-morning.
    * a medianoche = at midnight.
    * a medias = half-hearted [halfhearted], qualified.
    * a medias entre... y... = betwixt and between.
    * a medida = custom, bespoke.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que pasaba el tiempo = as time passed (by), as time went by.
    * a medida que pasa el tiempo = as time passes (by).
    * a medida que pasa + Expresión Temporal = as + Expresión Temporal + go by.
    * a medida que + pasar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + pasar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que se necesite = on demand, on request, as required.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medio abrir = half-opened.
    * a medio camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a medio comprender = half-understood.
    * a medio formar = half-formed.
    * a medio fuego = medium heat.
    * a medio hacer = halfway done, half done.
    * a medio plazo = medium-term, near-term, in the medium term, in the mid-term, mid-term [midterm].
    * a medio rimar = half-rhymed.
    * a medio vestir = half dressed.
    * a menor escala = at a reduced rate.
    * a menos que = unless, short of.
    * a menudo = oftentimes [often times], ofttimes [oft-times].
    * a merced de = at the mercy of.
    * a mí = me.
    * a mi entender = to my mind.
    * a mi modo de ver = in my books.
    * a mi parecer = to my mind, methinks, in my books.
    * a mitad de = half way through, halfway through.
    * a mitad de camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = midway between, half way between... and....
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = astride... and....
    * a mitad de precio = at half price.
    * a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.
    * a modo de = by way of, in the vein of, as a kind of.
    * a modo de aclaración = in parenthesis, on a sidenote.
    * a modo de advertencia = cautionary.
    * a modo de ejemplo = by way of illustration.
    * a modo de explicación = parenthetically.
    * a modo de ilustración = by way of illustration.
    * a modo de inciso = in passing, by the way of (a) digression.
    * a modo de paréntesis = parenthetical.
    * a modo de prólogo = prefatory.
    * a modo de resumen = wrap-up.
    * a mogollón = aplenty [a-plenty].
    * a montón = aplenty [a-plenty].
    * a montones = in droves, by the sackful.
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * a muerte = bitter, bitterly.
    * a nadie le importa nada = nobody + gives a damn.
    * a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a nivel del suelo = at ground level.
    * a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * a nivel federal = federally, federally.
    * a nivel individual = privately.
    * a nivel local = locally, domestically.
    * a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].
    * a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].
    * a nivel privado = privately.
    * a nivel regional = regionally.
    * a nombre de = payable to.
    * a no ser que = unless.
    * a nosotros = us.
    * a ojo = ocular.
    * a ojos vista = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes.
    * a orillas del océano = oceanfront.
    * a orillas del río = riverfront.
    * a orillas de un lago = lakeside, lakefront, by the lakeside.
    * a otro sitio = somewhere else.
    * a pares = in pairs.
    * a partes iguales = share and share alike, in equal measure(s).
    * a partir de = on the basis of, based on, working from, from, on a diet of, in response to.
    * a partir de ahora = from now on, from this point on, henceforth, as of now.
    * a partir de ahora y durante + Cuantificador + años = for + Cuantificador + years to come.
    * a partir de aquí = hereupon.
    * a partir de ello = therefrom.
    * a partir de entonces = from this time on, hereafter, thereafter, whereafter, from then on, thenceforth, henceforth, from that moment on.
    * a partir de ese momento = from that moment on.
    * a partir de este momento = hereinafter.
    * a partir de esto = on this basis, on that basis.
    * a partir de + Fecha = from + Fecha, effective + Fecha.
    * a partir de hoy = as from today.
    * a partir de la medianoche = late night.
    * a partir de los títulos = title-based.
    * a paso de tortuga = at a snail's pace.
    * a paso ligero = on the double.
    * a pasos agigantados = at an exponential rate, at exponential rates, by leaps and bounds.
    * a pedir de boca = without a hitch.
    * a pequeña escala = in a small way, small scale [small-scale].
    * a perpetuidad = in perpetuity.
    * a pesar de (que) = albeit (that), despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that.
    * a pesar de todo = all the same, in spite of everything, despite everything, despite it all, in spite of it all, all this said.
    * a pesar de todo + Posesivo + Nombre = for all + Posesivo + Nombre.
    * a petición de = at the request of, at the urging of, at the behest of.
    * a petición del usuario = on demand, on request.
    * a petición popular = by popular demand.
    * a pie = on foot, afoot, dismounted.
    * a pilas = battery-operated.
    * a pique = sinking.
    * a placer = at will.
    * a plena luz del día = in broad daylight.
    * a poca distancia = not far behind.
    * a poca distancia andando = within walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a poca distancia a pie = within an easy walk, within walking distance.
    * a pocos minutos andando = within walking distance, within easy walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a pocos minutos a pie = within walking distance, within easy walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a porrillo = by the handful.
    * a + Posesivo + aire = to + Posesivo + heart's content.
    * a + Posesivo + alcance = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.
    * a + Posesivo + costa = at + Posesivo + expense.
    * a + Posesivo + cuidado = in + Posesivo + safekeeping.
    * a + Posesivo + discreción = at will, at + Posesivo + discretion.
    * a + Posesivo + disposición = at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * a + Posesivo + entender = to the best of + Posesivo + belief.
    * a + Posesivo + espaldas = behind + Posesivo + back.
    * a + Posesivo + expensas = at + Posesivo + expense.
    * a + Posesivo + favor = in + Posesivo + favour, to + Posesivo + credit.
    * a + Posesivo + juicio = in + Posesivo + estimation.
    * a + Posesivo + manera = in + Posesivo + own way.
    * a + Posesivo + saber = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * a + Posesivo + saber y entender = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge and belief.
    * a + Posesivo + servicio = at + Posesivo + service.
    * a + Posesivo + sorprender = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * a + Posesivo + vista = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes.
    * a posteriori = reactive, in retrospect, after-the-fact, hindsight, with hindsight, a posteriori, in hindsight.
    * a precio de coste = at cost price, at cost.
    * a precio de costo = at cost price, at cost.
    * a precio de ganga = at a steal.
    * a precio especial = at reduced cost, discounted, cut-rate, cut-price.
    * a precio razonable = at reasonable cost(s).
    * a precio reducido = at a discount.
    * a precios competitivos = competitively priced.
    * a precios especiales = at reduced rates, at preferential rates.
    * a precios razonables = at affordable prices.
    * a presión = pressurised [pressurized, -USA].
    * a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.
    * a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.
    * a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.
    * a primera vista = on first acquaintance, at first sight, on first inspection, on the face of it, at first blush, at first glance, on the surface, prima facie, first-blush.
    * a primeros de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de los + Década = early + Década, the.
    * a priori = proactive [pro-active], foresight, a priori, on the surface.
    * a prisa = quickly.
    * a propósito = deliberate, for the record, incidentally, intentionally, by the way, in passing, anecdotally, purposely, by design, on purpose, wilfully [willfully, -USA], on a sidenote, studiously, by the way of (a) digression, by the by(e), speaking of which, designedly.
    * a propósito de = apropos of.
    * a propósito de nada = for no specific reason, for no particular reason.
    * a prueba = on trial.
    * a prueba de bombas = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA], bomb-proof.
    * a prueba de conejos = rabbit-proof.
    * a prueba de fallos = fail-safe.
    * a prueba de incendios = fireproof [fire-proof].
    * a prueba de niños = childproof.
    * a prueba de robos = theft proof.
    * a prueba de tornados = tornado proof.
    * a prueba de un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].
    * a prueba de viento = windproof.
    * a puerta cerrada = behind closed doors.
    * a punta de pistola = at gunpoint.
    * a punto de = on the verge of, a heartbeat away from.
    * a punto de + Infinitivo = about to + Infinitivo.
    * a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.
    * a punto de morir = on + Posesivo + deathbed.
    * a puñados = by the sackful, by the handful.
    * a quemarropa = point blank.
    * a quien madruga, Dios le ayuda = the early bird catches the worm.
    * a quienquiera que = whomever.
    * a rachas = by fits and starts.
    * a ráfagas = in bursts.
    * a raíz de = in the wake of.
    * a rajatabla = to the letter.
    * a ras de = flush with.
    * a ras de la calle = ground-floor.
    * a ras del suelo = at ground level.
    * a rastras = in tow.
    * a ratos = intermittently.
    * a reacción = jet-assisted.
    * a rebosar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.
    * a regañadientes = grudgingly, grudging, begrudgingly, unwillingly, reluctantly.
    * a régimen = on a diet.
    * a remolque = in tow.
    * a reventar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.
    * a saber = namely, viz, to wit.
    * a sabiendas = knowing, knowingly, wilfully [willfully, -USA].
    * a sabiendas de que = on the understanding that.
    * a sacudidas = jerkily.
    * a saltitos = jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].
    * a salvo = in a safe place, in safekeeping, out of harm's way.
    * a sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * a simple vista = by the naked eye, superficially, on first thought.
    * a solas = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * a su debido tiempo = in due course, timely, in due time.
    * a sueldo = paid.
    * a su precio normal = at full price.
    * a su propio ritmo = at an individual pace.
    * a su tiempo = in a timely fashion, in due course, in a timely manner.
    * a su vez = Verbo + further, in turn, in its/their turn.
    * a tal efecto = to this effect.
    * a tales efectos = hereto.
    * a tarifa reducida = at reduced cost.
    * a tarifas especiales = at reduced rates, at preferential rates.
    * a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.
    * a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.
    * a tenor de = in light of, in the face of, in the light of, in view of.
    * a ti = you, thee.
    * a tiempo = in timely fashion, on time, promptly, timely, just in time, in time.
    * a tiempo completo = full-time.
    * a tiempo parcial = part-time.
    * a tientas = in the dark.
    * a tientas y a ciegas = blindly, in the dark.
    * a ti mismo = yourself, thyself.
    * a tiro = within gunshot, within range.
    * a tirones = jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].
    * a título de = by way of, for the sake of.
    * a título gratuito = gratuitous.
    * a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.
    * a toda costa = absolutely, at all costs, come what may, at any cost, at any price.
    * a toda máquina = in the fast lane, fast lane, full steam ahead, at full tilt, full-tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda mecha = at a rate of knots, full steam ahead, at full blast, at full throttle, at top speed, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda pasta = at a rate of knots.
    * a toda pastilla = in the fast lane, on the fast track, fast lane, overdrive, full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at a rate of knots, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda prueba = unswerving.
    * a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.
    * a todas luces = patently.
    * a todas partes = far and wide.
    * a toda velocidad = full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a todo alrededor = all round.
    * a todo color = full-colour, in full colour.
    * a todo gas = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo lo largo de = the length of.
    * a todo meter = full steam ahead, at full stretch, at full speed, at full blast, at top speed, at full throttle.
    * a todo ritmo = in full swing, in full force, in full gear.
    * a todos lados = far and wide.
    * a todos los efectos = to all intents and purposes, to all intents, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a todos nosotros = us all.
    * a todos por igual = one size fits all.
    * a todo vapor = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo volumen = at full blast.
    * a tontas y a ciegas = headlong, runaway.
    * a tontas y locas = like there's no tomorrow, without rhyme or reason.
    * a tope = packed to capacity, in the fast lane, fast lane, choc-a-block, chock-full, in full swing, in full gear, packed to the rafters.
    * a trancas y barrancas = with great difficulty, by fits and starts.
    * a través de = by way of, in the form of, through, via, out of, through the agency of.
    * a través de Internet = Internet-based, Web-based, Web-supported.
    * a través de la historia = over time.
    * a través de la TI = IT-enabled.
    * a través de la web = Web-based, Web-supported.
    * a través de los años = over the years, down the years.
    * a través de los ojos de = through the eyes of.
    * a través de los siglos = over the centuries.
    * a través del teléfono = call-in.
    * a través del tiempo = over time.
    * a través de operador = operator-assisted.
    * a tres bandas = three pronged.
    * a tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * a troche y moche = like there's no tomorrow.
    * a trompicones = by fits and starts.
    * a tropezones = falteringly, hesitantly, haltingly, jerkily.
    * a trozos = piecewise.
    * ¡A tu salud! = Here's to you!.
    * a última hora = at the last minute, at the eleventh hour, last minute [last-minute], at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last.
    * a últimas horas de la tarde = late evening.
    [b]* a últ
    * * *
    a femenino (pl aes) ( read as [a]) the letter A, a
    * * *
    = for, per, to.

    Ex: The fine policy matrix corresponds to the loan policy matrix, cell for cell.

    Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.
    Ex: Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.
    * a + Adjetivo + escala = on a + Adjetivo + scale.
    * a alguna parte = someplace.
    * a alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * a altas horas de la noche = late at night.
    * a ambas orillas del Atlántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a ambos lados de = on either side of.
    * a ambos lados del Altántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a ambos lados de + Lugar = on both sides of + Lugar.
    * a años luz de = light years away from.
    * a bajas temperaturas = at low temperature.
    * a bajo coste = low-cost.
    * a bajo costo = low-cost.
    * a bajo nivel = low-level.
    * a bajo precio = lower-cost, at a low price, on the cheap.
    * a base de = in the form of, on a diet of.
    * a base de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].
    * a base de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a base de errores = the hard way.
    * a boca de jarro = at close range.
    * a bocajarro = point blank.
    * a bombo y platillo = fanfare, with a bang.
    * a bordo = aboard, on board ship.
    * a bordo de = aboard, onboard.
    * a bordo de un barco = shipboard, on board ship.
    * a buen recaudo = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * a caballo = on horseback, astride.
    * a caballo entre = astride... and..., midway between.
    * a caballo entre... y... = half way between... and....
    * a caballo regalado no se le mira el diente = never look a gift horse in the mouth.
    * a cada rato = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * a cambio = in return.
    * a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.
    * a cambio de nada = for nothing.
    * a cántaros = cats and dogs.
    * a cargo = in the saddle.
    * a cargo (de) = charged with, in charge (of), at the helm (of).
    * a cargo de Alguien = under supervision.
    * a cargo de las riendas = in the saddle.
    * a cargo del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * a cargo del gobierno = government-operated, government-run.
    * a cargo de una sola persona = one-man band.
    * a cargo de voluntarios = volunteer-run.
    * a chorros = profusely.
    * a ciegas = blindfold, blindly, blindfolded, in the dark.
    * a ciencia cierta = for sure, for certain.
    * a cierta distancia = some distance away.
    * a cierta distancia de = off.
    * a cierta distancia de la costa = offshore.
    * a cierta distancia del litoral = offshore.
    * a cobro revertido = reverse charges.
    * a color = multi-colour [multi-color -USA].
    * a comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.
    * a comienzos de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha, in the early part of + Fecha.
    * a comienzos de + Período de Tiempo = by the turn of + Período de Tiempo, at the turn of + Período de Tiempo.
    * a conciencia = deliberately, wilfully [willfully, -USA], by design, on purpose.
    * a condición de que + Subjuntivo = provided (that), providing (that), as long as.
    * a contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * a continuación = next, then, in the following, herewith.
    * a continuación se enumeran = given below.
    * a contracorriente = against the grain.
    * a contraluz = against the light.
    * a contrapelo = against the grain, against the nap.
    * a coro = with one voice, in unison.
    * a corto plazo = before very long, short term [short-term], in the short run, short-range, at short notice, in the short term, short-run.
    * a costa de = at the cost of, at the expense of, at + Nombre's + expense, at cost of.
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * a costa de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a costa de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a criterio de = at the discretion of.
    * a cualquier hora = anytime, around the clock.
    * a cualquier hora del día o de la noche = at any hour of the day or night, at any time of the day or night.
    * a cualquier precio = at any cost, at all costs, at any price.
    * a cuatro aguas = hipped.
    * a cuatro patas = on all fours, on four legs.
    * a cuenta de = at the expense of.
    * a cuenta de la empresa = at company expense.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + expense, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * a cuerpo de rey = the lap of luxury.
    * a cuestas = in tow.
    * a decir de todos = by all accounts.
    * a decir verdad = to tell the truth, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in truth, fact is, the fact is (that), to be fair.
    * a decir verdad... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * a demanda = pro re nata.
    * a deshora(s) = at odd times, out of hours.
    * a día de hoy = as of today.
    * a diario = every day.
    * a diestro y siniestro = like there's no tomorrow.
    * a dieta = on a diet.
    * a diferencia de = apart from, as opposed to, in contradistinction to, as contrasted with, in contrast (to/with), quite apart from, in sharp contrast (with).
    * a diferencia de + Nombre = unlike + Nombre.
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * a discreción = at will, no holds barred.
    * a disgusto = unwillingly, reluctantly.
    * a disposición de = at the disposal of.
    * a distancia = remote, remotely, distantly.
    * a doble espacio = double-spaced.
    * a domicilio = domiciliary.
    * ¿a dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.
    * ¿a dónde va(n)...? = whither?.
    * ¿a dónde vas? = quo vadis, whither thou goest.
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * a dos velas = skint, penniless, broke.
    * a duras penas = with great difficulty.
    * a efectos de = in terms of, for the purpose of + Nombre.
    * a efectos prácticos = to all intents and purposes, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes, to all intents.
    * a él = him.
    * a ellos = them.
    * a escala = drawn-to-scale.
    * a escala industrial = on an industrial scale, industrial-scale.
    * a escala mundial = globally, on a global scale.
    * a escala natural = full-scale.
    * a escondidas = by stealth, stealthily, furtively, on the quiet, on the sly.
    * a eso = thereto.
    * a espaldas de = out of sight of.
    * a estas alturas = by now.
    * a este fin = to this end.
    * a este paso = at this rate.
    * a este respecto = in this respect.
    * a este ritmo = at this rate.
    * a estrenar = brand new.
    * a examen = under the microscope.
    * a excepción de = barring, except for, excepting, other than, with the exception of, short of.
    * a excepción de que = except that.
    * a excepción de uno = with one exception.
    * a expensas de = at the expense of, at + Nombre's + expense.
    * a expensas de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a expensas de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a falta de = for want of, in the absence of, in default of, for lack of, short of.
    * a favor = in favour.
    * a favor de = in favour of.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * a favor de la esclavitud = pro-slavery.
    * a favor de la raza negra = pro-black [problack].
    * a favor de la vida humana = pro-life.
    * a favor y en contra = pro and con.
    * a + Fecha = as per + Fecha.
    * a finales de = by the end of, at the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Expresión Temporal = as of late + Expresión Temporal, at the end of + Expresión Temporal, by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Fecha = in the late + Fecha, in late + Fecha.
    * a finales de los + Década = late + Década, the.
    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo, late period of + Siglo.
    * a fin de cuentas = at the end of the day, in the end, in the final count, in the grand scheme of things, when all is said and done, after all is said and done.
    * a fondo = fully, thoroughly, full-scale.
    * a fondo perdido = non-refundable.
    * ¡a freír espárragos! = on your bike!.
    * a fuerza de = by dint of.
    * a fuerza de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de errores = the hard way.
    * a gas = gas-powered.
    * a gatas = on all fours.
    * a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.
    * a granel = in bulk.
    * a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.
    * a gran velocidad = at great speed.
    * a grito limpio = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * a grito pelado = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * a gritos = vociferously.
    * a groso modo = crudely.
    * a grosso modo = roughly, rough draft.
    * a gusto = at ease, at leisure.
    * a gusto de = to the liking of, at the pleasure of.
    * a horcajadas = astride.
    * a hurtadillas = surreptitiously, by stealth, stealthily, furtively, on the sly.
    * a imitación de lo clásico = classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA].
    * a iniciativa de = at the initiative of.
    * a iniciativas del gobierno = government-led.
    * a instancia de = at the urging of.
    * a instancias de = at the instigation of, at the behest of, under the auspices of.
    * a intervalos = at intervals.
    * a intervalos + Adjetivo = at + Adjetivo + intervals.
    * a intervalos semanales = at weekly intervals.
    * a invitación de = at the invitation of.
    * a jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].
    * a juicio = on trial.
    * a juicio público = in the public eye.
    * a juzgar por = to judge by, judging by, judging from.
    * a la acuarela = water-coloured [water-colored, -USA].
    * a la alcaldía = mayoral.
    * a la altura de = of the stature of, equal to.
    * a la altura de la cintura = waist high, waist deep.
    * a la altura de la rodilla = knee-high.
    * a la altura de los hombros = shoulder-high.
    * a la anchura de los hombros = shoulder-width.
    * a la anochecida = at nightfall.
    * a la antigua = old-style.
    * a la antigua usanza = old-style.
    * a la atención de = c/o (care of).
    * a la baja = on the wane.
    * a la brasa = grilled.
    * a la buena de Dios = out in the cold.
    * a la cabeza de = in the forefront of/in.
    * a la caída de la noche = at nightfall, at twilight.
    * a la caída de la tarde = at twilight.
    * a la carta = a la carte.
    * a la defensiva = on the defensive.
    * a la derecha = at the right.
    * a la derecha de = on the right side of, on the right-hand side of.
    * a la deriva = rudderless.
    * a la discreción de = at the discretion of.
    * a la disposición de Alguien = at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * a la expectativa de = on the lookout for, on the alert for.
    * a la + Expresión Temporal = a + Expresión Temporal.
    * a la fuerza = forcefully, of necessity, forcibly, compulsorily.
    * a la fuga = on the run, on the lam.
    * a la hora de + Infinitivo = when it came to + Gerundio, when it comes to + Gerundio.
    * a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * a la hora del café = at coffee.
    * a la intemperie = in the open, exposed.
    * a la inversa = mirror-fashion, mirror image, in reverse.
    * a la izquierda = at the left.
    * a la larga = in the long term, over the long term, in the end, eventually, for the long pull, over a period of time, over the long haul, in the far term, ultimately, by and by.
    * a la ligera = lightly.
    * a la luz de = in light of, in the light of.
    * a la luz de la luna = by moonlight, in the moonlight, moonlit.
    * a la luz de las estrellas = by starlight.
    * a la luz de las velas = by candlelight, candlelight, candlelit.
    * a la luz del día = in the light of day.
    * a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.
    * a la mano de = available at the fingertips of.
    * a la misma altura que = in the same league as.
    * a la moda = trendy [trendier -comp., trendiest -sup.].
    * a la onda = in the know.
    * a la opinión pública = in the public eye.
    * a la par = in concert, in tandem, neck and neck, in a tandem fashion, in parallel.
    * a la par que = in tandem with, hand in hand (with), as the same time as.
    * a la parrilla = grilled, on the grill.
    * a la perfección = superbly.
    * a la plancha = griddled, on the griddle, on the hotplate.
    * a largo plazo = in the long term, over the long term, long-range, in the long run, long-term, over the long run, over the long haul, long-run, in the far term, far-term.
    * a la salida = on the way out.
    * a la sazón = at that time.
    * a las doce del mediodía = at high noon.
    * a la semana = a week, per week.
    * a las mil maravillas = marvellously [marvelously, -USA], famously, like a house on fire.
    * a la sombra de = in the shadow of.
    * a las puertas de = on the threshold of.
    * a la última = hip [hipper -comp., hippest -sup.], on the fast track, hipped.
    * a la vanguardia = on the cutting edge, on the leading edge, in the fast lane, on the fast track, at the leading edge, on the bleeding edge.
    * a la vanguardia de = in the vanguard of, at the forefront of, in the forefront of/in, at the vanguard of.
    * a la velocidad de la luz = at the speed of light.
    * a la velocidad del rayo = at the speed of lightning.
    * a la velocidad del sonido = at the speed of sound.
    * a la venta = on release.
    * a la vez = at once, at one time, at similar times, at the same time, concurrently, side-by-side, simultaneously, at the same instant, in parallel, in tandem, at the one time, in a tandem fashion, at a time, in unison.
    * a la vez que = hand in hand (with), cum, in conjunction with, in unison with.
    * a la vista = in sight, within sight.
    * a la vista de = in light of, in the light of.
    * a la vuelta de = on the return leg of.
    * a la zaga = not far behind, in tow.
    * al azar = lucky draw, lucky dip.
    * al extremo norte = northernmost.
    * al extremo oeste = westernmost.
    * al hacer esto = in doing so.
    * al norte del estado = upstate.
    * a lo extremo = to the extreme.
    * a lo grande = in a big way, big time, grandly, on a grand scale.
    * a lo hecho, pecho = no use crying over spilt/spilled milk, you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.
    * a lo largo de = along, down, throughout.
    * a lo largo de + Expresión Temporal = sometime + Expresión Temporal.
    * a lo largo de la historia = over time.
    * a lo largo de la ruta = along the way.
    * a lo largo del tiempo = longitudinal, longitudinally.
    * a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.
    * a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].
    * a lo largo y ancho de + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.
    * a lo lejos = in the distance.
    * a lo loco = helter-skelter, like there's no tomorrow.
    * a lo máximo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * a lo mejor = perhaps.
    * a lo que salga = come what may.
    * a los ojos de = in the eyes of.
    * a lo sumo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * al otro lado del atlántico = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del charco = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del océano = across the pond.
    * a lo zombi = zombielike.
    * a mano = by hand, manually, nearby [near-by], handy, within reach, within easy reach.
    * a mano alzada = by a show of hands.
    * a mano derecha de = on the right side of, on the right-hand side of.
    * a manojos = by the handful.
    * a manos de = at the hands of.
    * a marchas forzadas = in a rush, against the clock.
    * a mares = cats and dogs.
    * a más largo plazo = longer-term.
    * a más..., más... = the + Comparativo..., the + Comparativo....
    * a más tardar = at the latest.
    * a mata caballo = in a hurry, hurried, hurriedly, helter-skelter.
    * a media asta = at half-mast, at half staff.
    * a mediados de = in the middle decades of.
    * a mediados de + Fecha = in the mid + Fecha.
    * a mediados de semana = midweek.
    * a media jornada = half-time [half time].
    * a media mañana = mid-morning.
    * a medianoche = at midnight.
    * a medias = half-hearted [halfhearted], qualified.
    * a medias entre... y... = betwixt and between.
    * a medida = custom, bespoke.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que pasaba el tiempo = as time passed (by), as time went by.
    * a medida que pasa el tiempo = as time passes (by).
    * a medida que pasa + Expresión Temporal = as + Expresión Temporal + go by.
    * a medida que + pasar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + pasar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que se necesite = on demand, on request, as required.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medio abrir = half-opened.
    * a medio camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a medio comprender = half-understood.
    * a medio formar = half-formed.
    * a medio fuego = medium heat.
    * a medio hacer = halfway done, half done.
    * a medio plazo = medium-term, near-term, in the medium term, in the mid-term, mid-term [midterm].
    * a medio rimar = half-rhymed.
    * a medio vestir = half dressed.
    * a menor escala = at a reduced rate.
    * a menos que = unless, short of.
    * a menudo = oftentimes [often times], ofttimes [oft-times].
    * a merced de = at the mercy of.
    * a mí = me.
    * a mi entender = to my mind.
    * a mi modo de ver = in my books.
    * a mi parecer = to my mind, methinks, in my books.
    * a mitad de = half way through, halfway through.
    * a mitad de camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = midway between, half way between... and....
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = astride... and....
    * a mitad de precio = at half price.
    * a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.
    * a modo de = by way of, in the vein of, as a kind of.
    * a modo de aclaración = in parenthesis, on a sidenote.
    * a modo de advertencia = cautionary.
    * a modo de ejemplo = by way of illustration.
    * a modo de explicación = parenthetically.
    * a modo de ilustración = by way of illustration.
    * a modo de inciso = in passing, by the way of (a) digression.
    * a modo de paréntesis = parenthetical.
    * a modo de prólogo = prefatory.
    * a modo de resumen = wrap-up.
    * a mogollón = aplenty [a-plenty].
    * a montón = aplenty [a-plenty].
    * a montones = in droves, by the sackful.
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * a muerte = bitter, bitterly.
    * a nadie le importa nada = nobody + gives a damn.
    * a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a nivel del suelo = at ground level.
    * a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * a nivel federal = federally, federally.
    * a nivel individual = privately.
    * a nivel local = locally, domestically.
    * a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].
    * a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].
    * a nivel privado = privately.
    * a nivel regional = regionally.
    * a nombre de = payable to.
    * a no ser que = unless.
    * a nosotros = us.
    * a ojo = ocular.
    * a ojos vista = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes.
    * a orillas del océano = oceanfront.
    * a orillas del río = riverfront.
    * a orillas de un lago = lakeside, lakefront, by the lakeside.
    * a otro sitio = somewhere else.
    * a pares = in pairs.
    * a partes iguales = share and share alike, in equal measure(s).
    * a partir de = on the basis of, based on, working from, from, on a diet of, in response to.
    * a partir de ahora = from now on, from this point on, henceforth, as of now.
    * a partir de ahora y durante + Cuantificador + años = for + Cuantificador + years to come.
    * a partir de aquí = hereupon.
    * a partir de ello = therefrom.
    * a partir de entonces = from this time on, hereafter, thereafter, whereafter, from then on, thenceforth, henceforth, from that moment on.
    * a partir de ese momento = from that moment on.
    * a partir de este momento = hereinafter.
    * a partir de esto = on this basis, on that basis.
    * a partir de + Fecha = from + Fecha, effective + Fecha.
    * a partir de hoy = as from today.
    * a partir de la medianoche = late night.
    * a partir de los títulos = title-based.
    * a paso de tortuga = at a snail's pace.
    * a paso ligero = on the double.
    * a pasos agigantados = at an exponential rate, at exponential rates, by leaps and bounds.
    * a pedir de boca = without a hitch.
    * a pequeña escala = in a small way, small scale [small-scale].
    * a perpetuidad = in perpetuity.
    * a pesar de (que) = albeit (that), despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that.
    * a pesar de todo = all the same, in spite of everything, despite everything, despite it all, in spite of it all, all this said.
    * a pesar de todo + Posesivo + Nombre = for all + Posesivo + Nombre.
    * a petición de = at the request of, at the urging of, at the behest of.
    * a petición del usuario = on demand, on request.
    * a petición popular = by popular demand.
    * a pie = on foot, afoot, dismounted.
    * a pilas = battery-operated.
    * a pique = sinking.
    * a placer = at will.
    * a plena luz del día = in broad daylight.
    * a poca distancia = not far behind.
    * a poca distancia andando = within walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a poca distancia a pie = within an easy walk, within walking distance.
    * a pocos minutos andando = within walking distance, within easy walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a pocos minutos a pie = within walking distance, within easy walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a porrillo = by the handful.
    * a + Posesivo + aire = to + Posesivo + heart's content.
    * a + Posesivo + alcance = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.
    * a + Posesivo + costa = at + Posesivo + expense.
    * a + Posesivo + cuidado = in + Posesivo + safekeeping.
    * a + Posesivo + discreción = at will, at + Posesivo + discretion.
    * a + Posesivo + disposición = at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * a + Posesivo + entender = to the best of + Posesivo + belief.
    * a + Posesivo + espaldas = behind + Posesivo + back.
    * a + Posesivo + expensas = at + Posesivo + expense.
    * a + Posesivo + favor = in + Posesivo + favour, to + Posesivo + credit.
    * a + Posesivo + juicio = in + Posesivo + estimation.
    * a + Posesivo + manera = in + Posesivo + own way.
    * a + Posesivo + saber = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * a + Posesivo + saber y entender = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge and belief.
    * a + Posesivo + servicio = at + Posesivo + service.
    * a + Posesivo + sorprender = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * a + Posesivo + vista = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes.
    * a posteriori = reactive, in retrospect, after-the-fact, hindsight, with hindsight, a posteriori, in hindsight.
    * a precio de coste = at cost price, at cost.
    * a precio de costo = at cost price, at cost.
    * a precio de ganga = at a steal.
    * a precio especial = at reduced cost, discounted, cut-rate, cut-price.
    * a precio razonable = at reasonable cost(s).
    * a precio reducido = at a discount.
    * a precios competitivos = competitively priced.
    * a precios especiales = at reduced rates, at preferential rates.
    * a precios razonables = at affordable prices.
    * a presión = pressurised [pressurized, -USA].
    * a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.
    * a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.
    * a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.
    * a primera vista = on first acquaintance, at first sight, on first inspection, on the face of it, at first blush, at first glance, on the surface, prima facie, first-blush.
    * a primeros de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de los + Década = early + Década, the.
    * a priori = proactive [pro-active], foresight, a priori, on the surface.
    * a prisa = quickly.
    * a propósito = deliberate, for the record, incidentally, intentionally, by the way, in passing, anecdotally, purposely, by design, on purpose, wilfully [willfully, -USA], on a sidenote, studiously, by the way of (a) digression, by the by(e), speaking of which, designedly.
    * a propósito de = apropos of.
    * a propósito de nada = for no specific reason, for no particular reason.
    * a prueba = on trial.
    * a prueba de bombas = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA], bomb-proof.
    * a prueba de conejos = rabbit-proof.
    * a prueba de fallos = fail-safe.
    * a prueba de incendios = fireproof [fire-proof].
    * a prueba de niños = childproof.
    * a prueba de robos = theft proof.
    * a prueba de tornados = tornado proof.
    * a prueba de un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].
    * a prueba de viento = windproof.
    * a puerta cerrada = behind closed doors.
    * a punta de pistola = at gunpoint.
    * a punto de = on the verge of, a heartbeat away from.
    * a punto de + Infinitivo = about to + Infinitivo.
    * a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.
    * a punto de morir = on + Posesivo + deathbed.
    * a puñados = by the sackful, by the handful.
    * a quemarropa = point blank.
    * a quien madruga, Dios le ayuda = the early bird catches the worm.
    * a quienquiera que = whomever.
    * a rachas = by fits and starts.
    * a ráfagas = in bursts.
    * a raíz de = in the wake of.
    * a rajatabla = to the letter.
    * a ras de = flush with.
    * a ras de la calle = ground-floor.
    * a ras del suelo = at ground level.
    * a rastras = in tow.
    * a ratos = intermittently.
    * a reacción = jet-assisted.
    * a rebosar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.
    * a regañadientes = grudgingly, grudging, begrudgingly, unwillingly, reluctantly.
    * a régimen = on a diet.
    * a remolque = in tow.
    * a reventar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.
    * a saber = namely, viz, to wit.
    * a sabiendas = knowing, knowingly, wilfully [willfully, -USA].
    * a sabiendas de que = on the understanding that.
    * a sacudidas = jerkily.
    * a saltitos = jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].
    * a salvo = in a safe place, in safekeeping, out of harm's way.
    * a sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * a simple vista = by the naked eye, superficially, on first thought.
    * a solas = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * a su debido tiempo = in due course, timely, in due time.
    * a sueldo = paid.
    * a su precio normal = at full price.
    * a su propio ritmo = at an individual pace.
    * a su tiempo = in a timely fashion, in due course, in a timely manner.
    * a su vez = Verbo + further, in turn, in its/their turn.
    * a tal efecto = to this effect.
    * a tales efectos = hereto.
    * a tarifa reducida = at reduced cost.
    * a tarifas especiales = at reduced rates, at preferential rates.
    * a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.
    * a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.
    * a tenor de = in light of, in the face of, in the light of, in view of.
    * a ti = you, thee.
    * a tiempo = in timely fashion, on time, promptly, timely, just in time, in time.
    * a tiempo completo = full-time.
    * a tiempo parcial = part-time.
    * a tientas = in the dark.
    * a tientas y a ciegas = blindly, in the dark.
    * a ti mismo = yourself, thyself.
    * a tiro = within gunshot, within range.
    * a tirones = jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].
    * a título de = by way of, for the sake of.
    * a título gratuito = gratuitous.
    * a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.
    * a toda costa = absolutely, at all costs, come what may, at any cost, at any price.
    * a toda máquina = in the fast lane, fast lane, full steam ahead, at full tilt, full-tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda mecha = at a rate of knots, full steam ahead, at full blast, at full throttle, at top speed, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda pasta = at a rate of knots.
    * a toda pastilla = in the fast lane, on the fast track, fast lane, overdrive, full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at a rate of knots, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda prueba = unswerving.
    * a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.
    * a todas luces = patently.
    * a todas partes = far and wide.
    * a toda velocidad = full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a todo alrededor = all round.
    * a todo color = full-colour, in full colour.
    * a todo gas = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo lo largo de = the length of.
    * a todo meter = full steam ahead, at full stretch, at full speed, at full blast, at top speed, at full throttle.
    * a todo ritmo = in full swing, in full force, in full gear.
    * a todos lados = far and wide.
    * a todos los efectos = to all intents and purposes, to all intents, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a todos nosotros = us all.
    * a todos por igual = one size fits all.
    * a todo vapor = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo volumen = at full blast.
    * a tontas y a ciegas = headlong, runaway.
    * a tontas y locas = like there's no tomorrow, without rhyme or reason.
    * a tope = packed to capacity, in the fast lane, fast lane, choc-a-block, chock-full, in full swing, in full gear, packed to the rafters.
    * a trancas y barrancas = with great difficulty, by fits and starts.
    * a través de = by way of, in the form of, through, via, out of, through the agency of.
    * a través de Internet = Internet-based, Web-based, Web-supported.
    * a través de la historia = over time.
    * a través de la TI = IT-enabled.
    * a través de la web = Web-based, Web-supported.
    * a través de los años = over the years, down the years.
    * a través de los ojos de = through the eyes of.
    * a través de los siglos = over the centuries.
    * a través del teléfono = call-in.
    * a través del tiempo = over time.
    * a través de operador = operator-assisted.
    * a tres bandas = three pronged.
    * a tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * a troche y moche = like there's no tomorrow.
    * a trompicones = by fits and starts.
    * a tropezones = falteringly, hesitantly, haltingly, jerkily.
    * a trozos = piecewise.
    * ¡A tu salud! = Here's to you!.
    * a última hora = at the last minute, at the eleventh hour, last minute [last-minute], at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last.
    * a últimas horas de la tarde = late evening.
    * a últ

    * * *
    a
    La preposición a suele emplearse precedida de ciertos verbos como empezar, ir, oler, sonar etc, en cuyo caso ver bajo el respectivo verbo.
    No se traduce cuando introduce el complemento directo de persona (ser humano, pronombres personales que lo representan como quien, alguien, etc) o un nombre con un objeto o animal personalizado: amo a mi patria = I love my country, pasear al perro = to walk the dog.
    En los casos en que precede al artículo definido el para formar la contracción al, ver bajo la siguiente entrada, donde también se encontrarán otros ejemplos y usos de a.
    A (en relaciones de espacio, lugar)
    voy a México/a la fiesta I'm going to Mexico/to the party
    voy a casa I'm going home
    dobla a la derecha turn right
    se cayó al río she fell into the river
    estaban sentados a la mesa they were sitting at the table
    a orillas del Ebro on the banks of the Ebro
    se sentó al sol he sat in the sun
    se sentó a mi derecha he sat down to the right of me o on my right
    a la vuelta de la esquina around the corner
    queda al norte de Toledo it's (to the) north of Toledo
    3
    (indicando distancia): está a diez kilómetros de aquí it's ten kilometers from here, it's ten kilometers away
    está a unos 20 minutos de aquí it takes o it's about 20 minutes from here, it's a 20 minute drive ( o walk etc) from here
    1 (señalando hora, momento, fecha) at
    abren a las ocho they open at eight o'clock
    ¿a qué hora vengo? what time shall I come?
    a eso de las dos at around o about two o'clock
    a mediados de abril in mid-April
    hoy estamos a 20 it's the 20th today
    al día siguiente the next o following day
    empezó a hablar a los diez meses he started talking when he was ten months old o at ten months
    llegó a la mañana/noche ( RPl); he arrived in the morning/at night
    2 al + INF:
    se cayó al bajar del autobús she fell as she was getting off the bus
    al verlo me di cuenta de que ya no lo quería when I saw him o on seeing him, I realized that I no longer loved him
    al salir de la estación torcí a la izquierda I turned left out of the station
    3
    (indicando distancia en el tiempo): a escasos minutos de su llegada (después) just a few minutes after she arrived; (antes) just a few minutes before she arrived
    trabajan de lunes a viernes/de una a cinco they work (from) Monday to Friday/from one to five
    a los diez minutos del primer tiempo ten minutes into the first half o after ten minutes of the first half
    estaré en París de martes a jueves I'll be in Paris from Tuesday until Thursday, I'll be in Paris Tuesday through Thursday ( AmE)
    C
    (en relaciones de proporción, equivalencia): tres veces al día/a la semana three times a day/a week
    sale a 2.000 euros por cabeza it works out at 2,000 euros per person
    iban a 100 kilómetros por hora they were going (at) 100 kilometers per hour
    nos ganaron cinco a tres they beat us by five points to three, they beat us five three o ( AmE) five to three
    D
    (indicando modo, estilo): fuimos a pie/a caballo we walked/rode, we went on foot/on horseback
    pollo al horno/a la brasa roast/barbecued chicken
    un peinado a lo Rodolfo Valentino a Rudolph Valentino hairstyle
    a crédito on credit
    ilustraciones a todo color full-color illustrations
    una tela a rayas a piece of striped material
    1
    (introduciendo el complemento directo de persona): ¿viste a José? did you see José?
    la policía está buscando al asesino the police are looking for the murderer
    no he leído a Freud I haven't read (any) Freud
    busca una secretaria bilingüe he's looking for a bilingual secretary
    ]
    2
    (introduciendo el complemento indirecto): le escribió una carta a su padre he wrote a letter to his father, he wrote his father a letter
    dáselo/dáselos a ella give it/them to her
    les enseña inglés a mis hijos she teaches my children English
    suave al tacto soft to the touch
    agradable al oído pleasing to the ear
    3
    (indicando procedencia): se lo compré a una gitana I bought it from o ( colloq) off a gipsy
    F
    enséñale a nadar teach him to swim
    fue a preguntar he went to ask
    a que + SUBJ:
    los instó a que participaran he urged them to take part
    voy a ir a que me hagan un chequeo I'm going to go and have a checkup
    2 ( fam)
    (para): ¿a qué tanta ceremonia? what's all the fuss for?
    ¿a qué le fuiste a decir eso? what did you go and tell him that for?
    3
    a por ( Esp fam): bajo a por pan I'm going down to get some bread o for some bread ( colloq)
    ¿quién va a ir a por los niños? who's going to fetch o get the children?
    ¡a por ello! go for it!
    los puntos a tratar en la reunión de mañana the points to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting
    es una idea a tener en cuenta it's an idea to bear in mind o that should be borne in mind
    total a pagar total payable
    horario a convenir hours to be arranged
    H
    1
    (en órdenes): ¡a la cama, niños! off to bed, children!
    ¡a callar! shut up! ( colloq)
    vamos ¡a trabajar! come on, let's get some work done!
    a decir verdad to tell you the truth
    a juzgar por lo que tú dices judging from what you say
    3 ( fam)
    (en cuanto a): a tozudo no hay quien le gane when it comes to being stubborn there's nobody like him
    4
    (indicando causa): a petición del interesado ( frml); at the request of the interested party
    al + INF:
    al no saber idiomas está en desventaja as he doesn't speak any languages he is at a disadvantage, he's at a disadvantage not speaking any languages
    5
    (expresando desafío): ¿a que no sabes qué nota me puso? you'll never guess what mark she gave me!
    tú no te atreverías — ¿a que sí? you wouldn't dare — do you want to o a bet? ( colloq)
    ¡a que no puedes! bet you can't! ( colloq)
    * * *

    Multiple Entries:
    A    
    a
    A,
    ◊ a sustantivo femenino (pl aes) (read as /a/) the letter A, a

    a preposición Nota:
    La preposición a suele emplearse precedida de ciertos verbos como empezar, ir, oler, sonar etc, en cuyo caso ver bajo el respectivo verbo.No se traduce cuando introduce el complemento directo de persona (ser humano, pronombres personales que lo representan, como quien, alguien, algún etc) o un nombre con un objeto o animal personalizado: amo a mi patria = I love my country, paseo a mi perro = I walk my dog.En los casos en que precede al artículo definido el para formar la contracción al, ver bajo la siguiente entrada, donde también se encontrarán otros ejemplos y usos de a.
    1

    ◊ voy a México/la tienda I'm going to Mexico/to the shop;

    voy a casa I'm going home;
    se cayó al río she fell into the river


    a orillas del Ebro on the banks of the Ebro;
    se sentó al sol he sat in the sun;
    se sentó a mi derecha he sat down on my right


    2
    a) (señalando hora, momento) at;


    a la hora de comer at lunch time;
    ¿a qué hora vengo? what time shall I come?;
    a mediados de abril in mid-April;
    al día siguiente the next o following day

    ◊ hoy estamos a lunes/a 20 today is Monday/it's the 20th today

    c) al + inf:


    al enterarse de la noticia when he learnt o on learning the news



    ( antes) a few minutes before she arrived;

    3 (en relaciones de proporción, equivalencia):

    sale a 100 euros cada uno it works out at 100 euros each;
    a 100 kilómetros por hora (at) 100 kilometers per hour;
    nos ganaron cinco a tres they beat us five three o (AmE) five to three
    4 (indicando modo, medio, estilo):
    ◊ a pie/a caballo on foot/on horseback;

    a crédito on credit;
    funciona a pilas it runs on batteries;
    a mano by hand;
    a rayas striped;
    vestirse a lo punk to wear punk clothes
    5

    ◊ ¿viste a José? did you see José?;

    no he leído a Freud I haven't read (any) Freud


    dáselo a ella give it to her;
    les enseña inglés a mis hijos she teaches my children English;
    le echó (la) llave a la puerta she locked the door

    ◊ se lo compré a una gitana I bought it from o (colloq) off a gipsy

    A, a f (letra) A
    'A' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    a. C.
    - a.m.
    - abajeña
    - abajeño
    - abanderada
    - abanderado
    - abandonar
    - abandonada
    - abandonado
    - abanico
    - abarquillada
    - abarquillado
    - abarrotada
    - abarrotado
    - abasto
    - abatida
    - abatido
    - abatirse
    - abdicar
    - aberración
    - abertura
    - abierta
    - abierto
    - abigarrada
    - abigarrado
    - abigarrar
    - ablandar
    - ablusada
    - ablusado
    - abnegada
    - abnegado
    - abobada
    - abobado
    - abocada
    - abocado
    - abogacía
    - abogada
    - abogado
    - abombada
    - abombado
    - abonar
    - abonada
    - abonado
    - abonarse
    - abono
    - abordar
    - abordaje
    - aborregar
    - abortar
    - abortiva
    English:
    A
    - A-level
    - a.m.
    - abandon
    - abandoned
    - abide by
    - ability
    - abject
    - abnormal
    - aboard
    - aborigine
    - abortion
    - abortive
    - about
    - above
    - above-board
    - above-mentioned
    - abrasive
    - abreast
    - abridged
    - abrupt
    - absent
    - absent-minded
    - absolute
    - absolutely
    - absorbed
    - abstemious
    - abstract
    - absurd
    - abundant
    - abuse
    - abusive
    - abysmal
    - academic
    - academy
    - accede
    - accent
    - acceptable
    - access
    - accident-prone
    - accidental
    - accidentally
    - acclimatized
    - accommodate
    - accommodation
    - accomplish
    - accomplished
    - account
    - account for
    - accountable
    * * *
    A
    1. (abrev de autopista) Br M, US freeway
    2. (abrev de alfil) [en notación de ajedrez] B
    A, a [a] nf
    [letra] A, a;
    si por a o por be… if for any reason…
    * * *
    a
    prp
    al este de to the east of;
    a casa home;
    ir a la cama/al cine go to bed/to the movies;
    ¡a trabajar! get to work!;
    vamos a Buenos Aires we’re going to Buenos Aires;
    voy a casa de Marta I’m going to Marta’s (house)
    a la mesa at the table;
    al lado de next to;
    a la derecha on the right;
    al sol in the sun;
    a treinta kilómetros de Cuzco thirty kilometers from Cuzco;
    está a cinco kilómetros it’s five kilometers away
    :
    ¿a qué hora llegas? what time do you arrive?;
    a las tres at three o’clock;
    de once a doce from eleven (o’clock) to twelve;
    estamos a quince de febrero it’s February fifteenth;
    a los treinta años at the age of thirty;
    a la llegada del tren when the train arrives
    :
    a la española the Spanish way;
    a mano by hand;
    a pie on foot;
    a 50 kilómetros por hora at fifty kilometers an hour
    :
    ¿a cómo o
    cuánto está? how much is it?;
    están a dos pesos el kilo they are two pesos a kilo
    :
    dáselo a tu hermano give it to your brother
    :
    vi a mi padre I saw my father
    :
    empezar a begin to;
    jugar a las cartas play cards;
    decidirse a hacer algo decide to do sth;
    voy a comprarlo I’m going to buy it;
    a decir verdad to tell the truth
    :
    ¿a que no lo sabes? I bet you don’t know;
    a ver OK, right;
    a ver lo que pasa ahora let’s see what happens now
    abr (= alias) aka (= also known as)
    * * *
    a nf
    : first letter of the Spanish alphabet
    a prep
    1) : to
    nos vamos a México: we're going to Mexico
    ¿llamaste a tu papá?: did you call your dad?
    como a usted le guste: as you wish
    3) : in the manner of
    papas a la francesa: french fries
    4) : on, by means of
    a pie: on foot
    5) : per, each
    tres pastillas al día: three pills per day
    enséñales a leer: teach them to read
    problemas a resolver: problems to be solved
    * * *
    a prep
    3. (distancia) away
    está a un kilómetro de aquí it's one kilometre from here / it's one kilometre away
    4. (tiempo) at
    5. (distribución, cantidad, medida, precio) a / at
    tocamos a 1.000 cada uno it works out at 1,000 each
    fui a pie I walked / I went on foot
    hecho a mano handmade / made by hand
    ¿has visto a Iván? have you seen Iván?
    9. (para) for
    10. (de) from

    Spanish-English dictionary > a

  • 5 apoyar

    v.
    1 to lean, to rest.
    apoya la cabeza en mi hombro rest your head on my shoulder
    apoyó la bicicleta contra la pared she leant the bicycle against the wall
    Ricardo apoya su cabeza sobre la silla Richard leans his head on the chair.
    2 to support.
    lo apoyó mucho durante su depresión she gave him a lot of support when he was depressed
    3 to back up, to stand up for, to advocate, to endorse.
    Ella apoya los proyectos ecológicos She backs up ecological projects.
    4 to prop, to uphold, to backstop.
    Ella apoyó las vigas en la pared She propped the beams on the wall.
    * * *
    1 to lean, rest
    2 (fundar) to base, found
    3 figurado (defender algo) to support; (defender a alguien) to back, support
    1 (descansar) to lean (en, on), rest (en, on), stand (en, on)
    2 (dar el brazo) to hold on (en, to)
    3 figurado (basarse) to be based (en, on)
    ■ ¿en qué te apoyas para decir eso? what do you base your arguments on?
    * * *
    verb
    1) to support, back
    2) rest, lean
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=reclinar) to rest, lean

    apoya la cabeza en mi hombro — rest o lean your head on my shoulder

    no apoyes los codos en la mesa — don't put o lean your elbows on the table

    2) (=ayudar) to support
    3) (=basar) to base
    4) (=secundar) [+ propuesta, idea] to support
    5) (Arquit, Téc) to support
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( hacer descansar) to rest

    apóyalo contra la pared — lean o rest it against the wall

    2)
    a) ( respaldar) <propuesta/persona> to back, support

    nadie la apoyó en su iniciativa — no one backed o supported her initiative

    b) < teoría> to support, bear out
    2.
    apoyarse v pron
    1) (para sostenerse, descansar)
    2) (basarse, fundarse)

    ¿en qué se apoya para hacer tal acusación? — what are you basing your accusation on?

    * * *
    = back, boost, endorse, espouse, give + support, give + weight to, lend + weight to, offer + support, support, sustain, align + Reflexivo + with, prop, buttress, lend + support, undergird, bolster, add + weight to, add + Posesivo + weight to, buy into, shore up, back into, second, ditto, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, plump for, forward, back + Nombre + up.
    Ex. Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex. If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex. These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex. Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex. If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex. The resulting compromise in the overall design principles followed is, therefore, likely to give greater weight to these conventional needs.
    Ex. They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex. I have many people to acknowledge, beginning with my co-editor who offered untiring support and many useful suggestions in putting together the institutes.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex. This article argues that fiction is an area of stock development which would readily achieve the goals of development with which public librarians have aligned themselves.
    Ex. The type cases were propped up for use on a timber frame at a convenient working height.
    Ex. Authors were often buttressed in their novel writing by other pieces of freelance writing.
    Ex. The librarian who lends support to those who criticize the organization which employs him is likely also to find his position difficult.
    Ex. Both libraries sought to undergird their partnership essential to a central role in collegiate education.
    Ex. Bibliometric studies used to bolster the subjective opinions of librarians are not always useful for specialized areas.
    Ex. Measurement of library activities can provide the evidence to erase misconceptions and add weight to those aspects of service that present a more powerful image = La medición de las actividades bibliotecarias puede proporcionar las pruebas necesarias para erradicar falsas ideas y apoyar aquellos aspectos del servicio que presentan una mejor imagen de la biblioteca.
    Ex. But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex. The vendor, like the academic librarian it services, it must buy into the mission of the academic institution.
    Ex. This project seeks to return control of scholarly publications to the academy and to shore up the case for publication of genuine scholarly works.
    Ex. To the best of my knowledge, most of the big research libraries backed into the world of media = Según mi opinión, la mayoría de las bibliotecas académicas apostaron por adquirir todo tipo de soporte.
    Ex. Most of the proposals for establishing gender studies were seconded.
    Ex. I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex. It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex. I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex. The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex. There is some discussion as to what RSS stands for, but the majority plump for 'Really Simple Syndication'.
    Ex. In order to forward the mission of the University, specific programs will be targeted for growth, consolidation, and possible elimination.
    Ex. Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or 'constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    ----
    * apoyar Algo completamente = put + Posesivo + muscle behind + Nombre.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * apoyar en = lean against.
    * apoyar la idea = endorse + the idea.
    * apoyar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * apoyar + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * apoyarse en = lean on/upon, inform.
    * apoyarse sobre = rest on/upon.
    * apoyar una causa = forward + cause, support + cause.
    * apoyar una idea = favour + idea.
    * apoyar una opinión = support + contention.
    * apoyar un argumento = support + contention.
    * apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.
    * persona que apoya una moción o propuesta = seconder.
    * que apoya moralmente = supportive.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( hacer descansar) to rest

    apóyalo contra la pared — lean o rest it against the wall

    2)
    a) ( respaldar) <propuesta/persona> to back, support

    nadie la apoyó en su iniciativa — no one backed o supported her initiative

    b) < teoría> to support, bear out
    2.
    apoyarse v pron
    1) (para sostenerse, descansar)
    2) (basarse, fundarse)

    ¿en qué se apoya para hacer tal acusación? — what are you basing your accusation on?

    * * *
    = back, boost, endorse, espouse, give + support, give + weight to, lend + weight to, offer + support, support, sustain, align + Reflexivo + with, prop, buttress, lend + support, undergird, bolster, add + weight to, add + Posesivo + weight to, buy into, shore up, back into, second, ditto, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, plump for, forward, back + Nombre + up.

    Ex: Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.

    Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex: These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex: Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex: If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex: The resulting compromise in the overall design principles followed is, therefore, likely to give greater weight to these conventional needs.
    Ex: They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex: I have many people to acknowledge, beginning with my co-editor who offered untiring support and many useful suggestions in putting together the institutes.
    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex: This article argues that fiction is an area of stock development which would readily achieve the goals of development with which public librarians have aligned themselves.
    Ex: The type cases were propped up for use on a timber frame at a convenient working height.
    Ex: Authors were often buttressed in their novel writing by other pieces of freelance writing.
    Ex: The librarian who lends support to those who criticize the organization which employs him is likely also to find his position difficult.
    Ex: Both libraries sought to undergird their partnership essential to a central role in collegiate education.
    Ex: Bibliometric studies used to bolster the subjective opinions of librarians are not always useful for specialized areas.
    Ex: Measurement of library activities can provide the evidence to erase misconceptions and add weight to those aspects of service that present a more powerful image = La medición de las actividades bibliotecarias puede proporcionar las pruebas necesarias para erradicar falsas ideas y apoyar aquellos aspectos del servicio que presentan una mejor imagen de la biblioteca.
    Ex: But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex: The vendor, like the academic librarian it services, it must buy into the mission of the academic institution.
    Ex: This project seeks to return control of scholarly publications to the academy and to shore up the case for publication of genuine scholarly works.
    Ex: To the best of my knowledge, most of the big research libraries backed into the world of media = Según mi opinión, la mayoría de las bibliotecas académicas apostaron por adquirir todo tipo de soporte.
    Ex: Most of the proposals for establishing gender studies were seconded.
    Ex: I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex: It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex: I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex: The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex: There is some discussion as to what RSS stands for, but the majority plump for 'Really Simple Syndication'.
    Ex: In order to forward the mission of the University, specific programs will be targeted for growth, consolidation, and possible elimination.
    Ex: Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or 'constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    * apoyar Algo completamente = put + Posesivo + muscle behind + Nombre.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * apoyar en = lean against.
    * apoyar la idea = endorse + the idea.
    * apoyar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * apoyar + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * apoyarse en = lean on/upon, inform.
    * apoyarse sobre = rest on/upon.
    * apoyar una causa = forward + cause, support + cause.
    * apoyar una idea = favour + idea.
    * apoyar una opinión = support + contention.
    * apoyar un argumento = support + contention.
    * apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.
    * persona que apoya una moción o propuesta = seconder.
    * que apoya moralmente = supportive.

    * * *
    apoyar [A1 ]
    vt
    apoya la escalera contra la pared lean o rest the ladder against the wall
    con la cabeza apoyada en su hombro with her head resting on his shoulder
    no se debe apoyar los codos sobre la mesa you mustn't put o rest your elbows on the table
    hay que apoyar todo el peso del cuerpo sobre una pierna you have to put all your weight on one foot
    B
    1 (respaldar) ‹propuesta/persona› to back, support
    ¿me vas a apoyar si me quejo? are you going to back me (up) o support me if I complain?
    no apoyamos la huelga we do not support the strike
    nadie la apoyó en su iniciativa no one backed o supported her initiative
    apoyar técnica y financieramente su desarrollo to give technical and financial support o backing for its development
    2 ‹teoría› to support, bear out
    no hay pruebas que apoyen esta hipótesis there is no evidence to bear out o support this hypothesis
    A (para sostenerse, descansar) apoyarse EN algo to lean ON sth
    caminaba lentamente apoyándose en un bastón she walked slowly, leaning on a walking stick o using a walking stick for support
    se apoya demasiado en su familia he relies too much on his family (for support), he leans too heavily on his family
    B (basarse, fundarse) apoyarse EN algo to be based ON sth
    se apoyó en estas cifras para defender su teoría he used these figures to defend his theory
    ¿en qué se apoya para hacer semejante acusación? what are you basing your accusation on?, what is the basis of your accusation?
    * * *

     

    apoyar ( conjugate apoyar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( hacer descansar) apoyar (algo en algo) to rest (sth on sth);

    2
    a) ( respaldar) ‹propuesta/persona› to back, support


    apoyarse verbo pronominal
    1 (para sostenerse, descansar) apoyarse en algo to lean on sth
    2 (basarse, fundarse) apoyarse en algo to be based on sth
    apoyar verbo transitivo
    1 to lean
    2 (causa) to support
    ' apoyar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    refrendar
    - agarrar
    - ir
    - recostar
    - respaldar
    - sostener
    English:
    advocate
    - back
    - back up
    - bolster
    - buttress
    - champion
    - endorse
    - lean
    - prop
    - prop up
    - reinforce
    - rest
    - root for
    - stand by
    - support
    - root
    - sponsor
    - stand
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [inclinar] to lean, to rest;
    apoya la cabeza en mi hombro rest your head on my shoulder;
    apoyó la bicicleta contra la pared she leant the bicycle against the wall;
    apoyó los codos sobre la mesa he leant his elbows on the table
    2. [respaldar] to support;
    todos apoyaron su decisión everyone supported her decision;
    lo apoyó mucho durante su depresión she gave him a lot of support when he was depressed;
    los directivos los apoyaron en su protesta management supported their protest
    3. [basar] to base;
    apoya su teoría en datos concretos her theory is based on o supported by concrete statistics
    * * *
    v/t
    1 lean (en against), rest (en against)
    2 ( respaldar, confirmar) support
    * * *
    apoyar vt
    1) : to support, to back
    2) : to lean, to rest
    * * *
    apoyar vb
    1. (en general) to lean [pt. & pp. leant]
    2. (descansar) to rest
    3. (defender) to support

    Spanish-English dictionary > apoyar

  • 6 line

    I
    1.
    noun
    1) ((a piece of) thread, cord, rope etc: She hung the washing on the line; a fishing-rod and line.) cuerda, cordel, sedal
    2) (a long, narrow mark, streak or stripe: She drew straight lines across the page; a dotted/wavy line.) línea
    3) (outline or shape especially relating to length or direction: The ship had very graceful lines; A dancer uses a mirror to improve his line.) línea
    4) (a groove on the skin; a wrinkle.) arruga
    5) (a row or group of objects or persons arranged side by side or one behind the other: The children stood in a line; a line of trees.) fila, hilera
    6) (a short letter: I'll drop him a line.) cuatro líneas
    7) (a series or group of persons which come one after the other especially in the same family: a line of kings.) linaje
    8) (a track or direction: He pointed out the line of the new road; a new line of research.) trazado
    9) (the railway or a single track of the railway: Passengers must cross the line by the bridge only.) vía
    10) (a continuous system (especially of pipes, electrical or telephone cables etc) connecting one place with another: a pipeline; a line of communication; All (telephone) lines are engaged.) cable, línea
    11) (a row of written or printed words: The letter contained only three lines; a poem of sixteen lines.) línea
    12) (a regular service of ships, aircraft etc: a shipping line.) compañía
    13) (a group or class (of goods for sale) or a field of activity, interest etc: This has been a very popular new line; Computers are not really my line.) línea, gama
    14) (an arrangement of troops, especially when ready to fight: fighting in the front line.) línea

    2. verb
    1) (to form lines along: Crowds lined the pavement to see the Queen.) ponerse en fila, hacer cola
    2) (to mark with lines.) dibujar rayas
    •
    - linear
    - linesman
    - hard lines!
    - in line for
    - in
    - out of line with
    - line up
    - read between the lines
    II
    verb
    1) (to cover on the inside: She lined the box with newspaper.) llenar, forrar
    2) (to put a lining in: She lined the dress with silk.) forrar, revestir
    •
    line1 n
    1. línea / raya
    2. fila / hilera
    3. tendedero
    line2 vb
    1. ponerse en fila
    2. forrar
    tr[laɪn]
    1 (in general) línea
    ■ hold the line, please un momento, por favor, no cuelgue
    3 (of text) línea, renglón nombre masculino; (of poetry) verso
    4 (row) fila, hilera
    5 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (queue) cola
    6 (wrinkle) arruga
    8 (route) vía
    ■ that's not my line! ¡eso no es especialidad mía!
    ■ what's your line? ¿qué haces?, ¿de qué trabajas?
    10 familiar (story) rollo
    1 (draw lines on) dibujar rayas en
    ■ the crowds lined the streets to greet the local hero la multitud se alineaba a lo largo de las calles para aclamar al héroe local
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    all along the line (from the beginning) desde el principio 2 (in detail) con todo detalle
    hard lines! familiar ¡qué mala suerte!
    to be in line for estar a punto de recibir
    to be on the right lines ir por buen camino
    to be out of line figurative use no coincidir ( with, con)
    to bring somebody into line familiar pararle los pies a alguien
    to draw the line at something decir basta a algo
    to drop somebody a line familiar mandar cuatro líneas a alguien
    to fall into line cerrar filas
    to learn one's lines SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL aprenderse el papel
    to read between the lines leer entre líneas
    to stand in line SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL hacer cola
    to step out of line salirse de la fila 2 figurative use saltarse las reglas
    to take a tough line with somebody tener mano dura con alguien
    dotted line línea de puntos
    line drawing dibujo lineal
    line of fire línea de fuego
    line of vision campo visual
    line printer impresora de líneas
    ————————
    tr[laɪn]
    1 (with material) forrar; (pipes) revestir
    2 (walls) llenar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    line ['laɪn] v, lined ; lining vt
    1) : forrar, cubrir
    to line a dress: forrar un vestido
    to line the walls: cubrir las paredes
    2) mark: rayar, trazar líneas en
    3) border: bordear
    4) align: alinear
    line vi
    to line up : ponerse in fila, hacer cola
    line n
    1) cord, rope: cuerda f
    2) wire: cable m
    power line: cable eléctrico
    3) : línea f (de teléfono)
    4) row: fila f, hilera f
    5) note: nota f, líneas fpl
    drop me a line: mándame unas líneas
    6) course: línea f
    line of inquiry: línea de investigación
    7) agreement: conformidad f
    to be in line with: ser conforme a
    to fall into line: estar de acuerdo
    8) occupation: ocupación f, rama f, especialidad f
    9) limit: línea f, límite m
    dividing line: línea divisoria
    to draw the line: fijar límites
    10) service: línea f
    bus line: línea de autobuses
    11) mark: línea f, arruga f (de la cara)
    n.
    • andana s.f.
    • cola s.f.
    • cordel s.m.
    • fila s.f.
    • línea (Electrónica) s.f.
    • línea s.f.
    • ramo s.m.
    • raya s.f.
    • renglón s.m.
    • retahila s.f.
    • sarta s.f.
    • trazo s.m.
    • verso s.m.
    v.
    • aforrar v.
    • alinear v.
    • arrugar v.
    • forrar v.
    • frisar v.
    • rayar v.

    I laɪn
    1) c
    a) (mark, trace) línea f, raya f; ( Math) recta f

    to draw a line — trazar* una línea

    to put o draw a line through something — tachar algo

    to be on the line — (colloq) estar* en peligro, peligrar

    to lay it on the line — (colloq) no andarse* con rodeos

    to lay o put something on the line — (colloq) jugarse* algo; (before n)

    line drawing — dibujo m lineal

    b) (on face, palm) línea f; ( wrinkle) arruga f
    2)
    a) c (boundary, border) línea f

    the county/state line — (AmE) (la línea de) la frontera del condado/estado

    to draw the line (at something): I don't mind untidiness, but I draw the line at this no me importa el desorden, pero esto es intolerable or esto ya es demasiado; one has to draw the line somewhere — en algún momento hay que decir basta

    b) c ( Sport) línea f; (before n)

    line judge — juez mf de línea

    c) c u ( contour) línea f
    3)
    a) c u (cable, rope) cuerda f; ( clothes o washing line) cuerda (de tender la ropa); ( fishing line) sedal m

    power line — cable m eléctrico

    b) c ( Telec) línea f

    hold the line, please — no cuelgue or (CS tb) no corte, por favor

    4) c ( Transp)
    a) (company, service) línea f

    shipping line — línea de transportes marítimos, (compañía f) naviera f

    b) ( Rail) línea f; ( track) (BrE) vía f
    5) u c
    a) (path, direction) línea f

    it was right in my line of vision — me obstruía la visual; resistance

    b) (attitude, policy) postura f, línea f

    to take a firm/hard line (with somebody/on something) — adoptar una postura or línea firme/dura (con algn/con respecto a algo)

    she takes the line that... — su actitud es que...

    to toe o (AmE also) hew the line — acatar la disciplina

    c) (method, style)

    line of inquiry — línea f de investigación

    I was thinking of something along the lines of... — pensaba en algo del tipo de or por el estilo de...

    6) c
    a) ( row) fila f, hilera f; ( queue) (AmE) cola f

    they formed a o fell into line behind their teacher — se pusieron en fila detrás del profesor

    to wait in line — (AmE) hacer* cola

    to get in line — (AmE) ponerse* en la cola

    to cut in line — (AmE) colarse* (fam), brincarse* or saltarse la cola (Méx fam)

    all/somewhere along the line: she's had bad luck all along the line ha tenido mala suerte desde el principio; we must have made a mistake somewhere along the line debemos de haber cometido un error en algún momento; in line with something: wages haven't risen in line with inflation los sueldos no han aumentado a la par de la inflación; the new measures are in line with government policy las nuevas medidas siguen la línea de la política del gobierno; out of line: that remark was out of line ese comentario estuvo fuera de lugar; their ideas were out of line with mine sus ideas no coincidían con las mías; to step out of line mostrar* disconformidad, desobedecer*; to bring somebody/something into line: he needs to be brought into line hay que llamarlo al orden or (fam) meterlo en vereda; the province was brought into line with the rest of the country la situación de la provincia se equiparó a la del resto del país; to fall in/into line: they had to fall in line with company policy tuvieron que aceptar or acatar la política de la compañía; to keep somebody in line — tener* a algn a raya; see also on line

    b) ( series) serie f
    c) ( succession) línea f
    7) c ( Mil) línea f
    8)
    a) c ( of text) línea f, renglón m; ( of poem) verso m

    new line — ( when dictating) punto y aparte

    to read between the lines — leer* entre líneas

    b) lines pl ( Theat)
    c) ( note)

    to drop somebody a line — escribirle* a algn unas líneas

    9) c

    what line are you in? — ¿a qué te dedicas?

    b) ( of merchandise) línea f

    II
    1)
    a) \<\<skirt/box\>\> forrar
    b) ( form lining along) cubrir*

    books lined the walls, the walls were lined with books — las paredes estaban cubiertas de libros

    2) ( mark with lines) \<\<paper\>\> rayar
    3) ( border)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    I [laɪn]
    1. N
    1) (gen) línea f; (drawn) raya f

    • to draw a line — trazar una línea

    • there's a fine or thin line between genius and madness — la línea que separa la genialidad de la locura es muy sutil

    • line of latitude/ longitude — línea f de latitud/longitud

    • to put a line through sth — tachar or (LAm) rayar algo

    • the Line — (Geog) el ecuador

    - draw the line at sth
    - know where to draw the line
    - draw a line under

    to be on the line —

    his job is on the line — su puesto está en peligro, se expone a perder su puesto

    - lay it on the line

    to lay or put one's reputation on the line — arriesgar su reputación

    to put one's ass on the line — (US) ** jugársela *

    2) (=rope) cuerda f; (=fishing line) sedal m; (=clothes line, washing line) cuerda f para tender la ropa

    they threw a line to the man in the sea — le lanzaron un cable or una cuerda al hombre que estaba en el agua

    3) (=wrinkle) (on face etc) arruga f; (in palmistry) raya f, línea f
    4) [of print, verse] renglón m, línea f

    "new line" — (in dictation) "otra línea"

    • drop me a line * — (fig) escríbeme

    • to learn one's lines — (Theat) aprenderse el papel

    - read between the lines
    5) (=row) hilera f, fila f, línea f

    line of traffic — fila f or cola f de coches

    a line of winning numbers — (in bingo, lottery etc) una línea ganadora

    • to be in line with — estar de acuerdo con, ser conforme a

    • to bring sth into line with sth — poner algo de acuerdo con algo

    to fall or get into line — (abreast) meterse en fila

    • to be out of line with — no ser conforme con

    he was completely out of line to suggest that... * — estaba totalmente fuera de lugar que propusiera que...

    - reach or come to the end of the line
    step 2., 1)
    6) (=series) serie f
    7) (=lineage) linaje m

    • line of descent — linaje m

    • the title is inherited through the male/ female line — el título se hereda por línea paterna/materna

    • he comes from a long line of artists — proviene de un extenso linaje de artistas

    • the royal line — el linaje real

    8) (=hierarchy)

    • line of command — cadena f de mando

    9) (Mil) línea f

    • line of battle — línea de batalla

    the (battle) lines are drawn — (fig) la guerra está declarada

    • the first line of defence — (lit) la primera línea de retaguardia; (fig) el primer escudo protector

    • behind enemy lines — tras las líneas enemigas

    • ship of the line — navío m de línea

    front 5.
    10) (esp US) (=queue) cola f

    • to form a line — hacer una cola

    • to get into line — ponerse en la cola or a la cola

    • to stand in line — hacer cola

    11) (=direction) línea f

    the main or broad lines — [of story, plan] las líneas maestras

    • along or on the lines of — algo por el estilo de

    something along those or the same lines — algo por el estilo

    along or on political/racial lines — según criterios políticos/raciales

    • line of argument — argumento m

    • line of attack — (Mil) modo m de ataque; (fig) planteamiento m

    • in the line of duty — en cumplimiento de sus deberes

    • in the line of fire — (Mil) en la línea de fuego

    • line of flight — [of bird] trayectoria f de vuelo; [of object] trayectoria f

    • line of inquiry — línea f de investigación

    • line of sight or vision — visual f

    • line of thought — hilo m del pensamiento

    12) (Elec) (=wire) cable m

    to be/come on line — (Comput) estar/entrar en (pleno) funcionamiento

    13) (Telec) línea f

    can you get me a line to Chicago? — ¿me puede poner con Chicago?

    • it's a very bad line — se oye muy mal

    • lines of communication — líneas fpl de comunicación

    • the line's gone dead — se ha cortado la línea

    • the lines are down — no hay línea

    • the line is engaged or (US) busy — está comunicando

    • hold the line please — no cuelgue, por favor

    • Mr. Smith is on the line (for you) — El Sr. Smith está al teléfono (y quiere hablar con usted)

    • the lines are open from six o'clock onwards — las líneas están abiertas de seis en adelante

    hot 4.
    14) (=pipe) (for oil, gas) conducto m
    15) (=shape) (usu pl)

    the rounded lines of this car — la línea redondeada or el contorno redondeado de este coche

    16) (=field, area)

    what line (of business) are you in? — ¿a qué se dedica?

    we're in the same line (of business) — nos dedicamos a lo mismo, trabajamos en el mismo campo

    line of research — campo m de investigación

    it's not my line — (=speciality) no es de mi especialidad

    fishing's more (in) my line — me interesa más la pesca, de pesca sí sé algo

    17) (=stance, attitude) actitud f

    • to take a strong or firm line on sth — adoptar una actitud firme sobre algo

    to take the line that... — ser de la opinión que...

    what line is the government taking? — ¿cuál es la actitud del gobierno?

    to follow or take the line of least resistance — conformarse con la ley del mínimo esfuerzo

    - toe the line

    to toe or follow the party line — conformarse a or seguir la línea del partido

    hard 1., 5)
    18) (Comm) (=product) línea f

    a new/popular line — una línea nueva/popular

    19) (Rail) (=route) línea f; (=track) vía f

    the line to Palencia — el ferrocarril de Palencia, la línea de Palencia

    • to cross the line(s) — cruzar la vía

    • to leave the line(s) — descarrilar

    20) (also: shipping line) (=company) naviera f; (=route) línea f marítima, ruta f marítima
    21) (=clue, lead) pista f

    • to give sb a line on sth — poner a algn sobre la pista de algo

    the police have a line on the criminal — la policía anda or está sobre la pista del delincuente

    22) (=spiel)
    - feed sb a line about sth
    shoot 2., 4)
    23) (Ind) (=assembly line) línea f
    24) [of cocaine etc] raya f
    2.
    VT (=cross with lines) [+ paper] rayar; [+ field] surcar; [+ face] arrugar
    3.
    CPD

    line dancing N — danza folclórica en que los que bailan forman líneas y filas

    line drawing N — dibujo m lineal

    line editing N — corrección f por líneas

    line feed N — avance m de línea

    line fishing N — pesca f con caña

    line judge N — (Tennis) juez mf de fondo

    line manager N — (Brit) (Ind) jefe(-a) m / f de línea

    line printer N — impresora f de línea


    II
    [laɪn]
    VT
    1) (=put lining in) [+ garment] forrar ( with de); (Tech) revestir ( with de); [+ brakes] guarnecer; [bird] [+ nest] cubrir
    pocket 1., 1)
    2) (=border)

    streets lined with trees — calles fpl bordeadas de árboles

    * * *

    I [laɪn]
    1) c
    a) (mark, trace) línea f, raya f; ( Math) recta f

    to draw a line — trazar* una línea

    to put o draw a line through something — tachar algo

    to be on the line — (colloq) estar* en peligro, peligrar

    to lay it on the line — (colloq) no andarse* con rodeos

    to lay o put something on the line — (colloq) jugarse* algo; (before n)

    line drawing — dibujo m lineal

    b) (on face, palm) línea f; ( wrinkle) arruga f
    2)
    a) c (boundary, border) línea f

    the county/state line — (AmE) (la línea de) la frontera del condado/estado

    to draw the line (at something): I don't mind untidiness, but I draw the line at this no me importa el desorden, pero esto es intolerable or esto ya es demasiado; one has to draw the line somewhere — en algún momento hay que decir basta

    b) c ( Sport) línea f; (before n)

    line judge — juez mf de línea

    c) c u ( contour) línea f
    3)
    a) c u (cable, rope) cuerda f; ( clothes o washing line) cuerda (de tender la ropa); ( fishing line) sedal m

    power line — cable m eléctrico

    b) c ( Telec) línea f

    hold the line, please — no cuelgue or (CS tb) no corte, por favor

    4) c ( Transp)
    a) (company, service) línea f

    shipping line — línea de transportes marítimos, (compañía f) naviera f

    b) ( Rail) línea f; ( track) (BrE) vía f
    5) u c
    a) (path, direction) línea f

    it was right in my line of vision — me obstruía la visual; resistance

    b) (attitude, policy) postura f, línea f

    to take a firm/hard line (with somebody/on something) — adoptar una postura or línea firme/dura (con algn/con respecto a algo)

    she takes the line that... — su actitud es que...

    to toe o (AmE also) hew the line — acatar la disciplina

    c) (method, style)

    line of inquiry — línea f de investigación

    I was thinking of something along the lines of... — pensaba en algo del tipo de or por el estilo de...

    6) c
    a) ( row) fila f, hilera f; ( queue) (AmE) cola f

    they formed a o fell into line behind their teacher — se pusieron en fila detrás del profesor

    to wait in line — (AmE) hacer* cola

    to get in line — (AmE) ponerse* en la cola

    to cut in line — (AmE) colarse* (fam), brincarse* or saltarse la cola (Méx fam)

    all/somewhere along the line: she's had bad luck all along the line ha tenido mala suerte desde el principio; we must have made a mistake somewhere along the line debemos de haber cometido un error en algún momento; in line with something: wages haven't risen in line with inflation los sueldos no han aumentado a la par de la inflación; the new measures are in line with government policy las nuevas medidas siguen la línea de la política del gobierno; out of line: that remark was out of line ese comentario estuvo fuera de lugar; their ideas were out of line with mine sus ideas no coincidían con las mías; to step out of line mostrar* disconformidad, desobedecer*; to bring somebody/something into line: he needs to be brought into line hay que llamarlo al orden or (fam) meterlo en vereda; the province was brought into line with the rest of the country la situación de la provincia se equiparó a la del resto del país; to fall in/into line: they had to fall in line with company policy tuvieron que aceptar or acatar la política de la compañía; to keep somebody in line — tener* a algn a raya; see also on line

    b) ( series) serie f
    c) ( succession) línea f
    7) c ( Mil) línea f
    8)
    a) c ( of text) línea f, renglón m; ( of poem) verso m

    new line — ( when dictating) punto y aparte

    to read between the lines — leer* entre líneas

    b) lines pl ( Theat)
    c) ( note)

    to drop somebody a line — escribirle* a algn unas líneas

    9) c

    what line are you in? — ¿a qué te dedicas?

    b) ( of merchandise) línea f

    II
    1)
    a) \<\<skirt/box\>\> forrar
    b) ( form lining along) cubrir*

    books lined the walls, the walls were lined with books — las paredes estaban cubiertas de libros

    2) ( mark with lines) \<\<paper\>\> rayar
    3) ( border)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > line

  • 7 ownership

    •• * Из многочисленных слов семантического поля, к которому относится это слово, ownership является, пожалуй, самым широким и сложным по значению. Глагол to own обозначает собственность как возможность контролировать, распоряжаться чем-то. Отсюда, например, употребление этого слова в идущей в США дискуссии о частичной приватизации пенсионной системы (у нас это уже сделали без всякой дискуссии). Пример – из комментария пресс-секретаря Белого дома о разосланных по электронной почте тезисах по проблеме будущего американской пенсионной системы:

    •• White House spokesman Scott McClellan said the e-mail was sent Monday to “ opinion leaders” to lay out “the challenges we face and the importance of seizing this opportunity to strengthen Social Security for our children and grandchildren and provide them with some ownership over their retirement savings.” -...дать нашим детям и внукам возможность контролировать часть своих пенсионных накоплений.
    •• Можно, наверное, сказать быть собственниками части своих пенсионных накоплений, но тогда может возникнуть вопрос – а разве человек не является фактическим собственником той части пенсионных накоплений, которая находится в государственном пенсионном фонде?
    •• Далее в «январских тезисах» – ownership society:
    •• “At the end of the day, we want to promote both an ownership society and advance the idea of limited government,” the e-mail said.
    •• Здесь значения собственность, ответственность и контроль настолько слитны, что выбрать вариант перевода для словаря не так просто. В данном контексте я предпочел бы не общество собственников, а общество личной ответственности или даже общество самостоятельных людей.
    •• Большие трудности вызывает словосочетание country ownership, широко употребляемое в международных организациях, например, в таком контексте: efforts to encourage country ownership of programs and projects. Когда один из участников переводческого форума задал вопрос о переводе этого словосочетания, последовала немедленная реакция: «Похоже, международные бюрократы опять породили какую-то абстрактную химеру. Раньше все говорили про empowerment, тоже кстати трудно переводимый». Однако это выражение встречается не только у «международных бюрократов». Конечно, все что угодно выглядит плохо при неправильном или неумеренном употреблении. Но сейчас слово ownership в модном или близком к нему значении используется и очень хорошими публицистами. Вот пример из статьи одного из лучших, обозревателя газеты International Herald Tribune Уильяма Пфаффа:
    •• If in the Security Council, the Bush administration refuses even a symbolic transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqis ( as demanded by Old Europe), and refuses to cede any political authority over the occupation to the UN, Washington will continue to enjoy exclusive ownership of this problem – with all of its risks and its current $87 billion-plus cost to the American taxpayer.
    •• Здесь, как и во многих других случаях употребления этого слова, наиболее подходящий вариант перевода – ответственность:
    •• <...> Вашингтон будет и впредь нести исключительную ответственность за эту проблему со всеми ее рискованными последствиями и ценой свыше 87 миллиардов долларов, которую заплатит американский налогоплательщик.
    •• Сам же термин появился лет пять-семь назад в связи с деятельностью ПРООН. Речь идет о том, что страны, в которых осуществляются программы или проекты ООН, не должны выступать лишь в роли получателя помощи, а должны иметь реальную возможность влиять на ход работы. Кроме вариантов ответственность стран/ национальная ответственность, переводчиками ООН предлагались также заинтересованное/деятельное участие стран, искренняя заинтересованность стран, причастность и т. д.
    •• Примеры употребления этого слова наводят на мысль о том, что мода на него связана с некоторой лакуной в английском языке: отсутствием дифференциации в слове independence – это и независимость (прежде всего политическая), и самостоятельность. Такая недифференцированность заставляет пишущих искать другие слова. Во многих случаях контекстуальные варианты со словами самостоятельно, самостоятельность могут подойти в переводе. Пример из статьи в Los Angeles Times:
    •• Once established, the assembly would assign a commission to prepare Iraq’s new constitution. With nationwide town hall meetings providing a forum for grass-roots participation in debating and modifying the constitution, the process would enable the Iraqi people to have ownership of the outcome.
    •• Здесь, пожалуй, возможны варианты со словами причастность, контроль, но ближе всего к намерению автора – позволит иракскому народу самостоятельно определять результат этого процесса. Несколько вольнее – чувствовать себя хозяином своей судьбы (здесь теряется outcome, а это существенно).
    •• (Кстати, town hall meetings – как видим, это словосочетание употребляется не только как чисто американская реалия. Вполне адекватным в данном случае мне кажется вариант собрание общественности.)
    •• Еще один пример того, что слово ownership встречается не только в специфическом «международно-чиновничьем» употреблении и не только в сочетании country ownership и может закономерно, как выразился бы Я.И. Рецкер, переводиться при помощи русских слов самостоятельность или контроль, – высказывание министра иностранных дел Иордании, процитированное в журнале Newsweek:
    •• Reform is needed in the Arab world, we agree on that. But for it to work, we need ownership of the process, not a one-for-all blueprint from Washington. – Мы должны иметь контроль над этим процессом или Нам нужна самостоятельность в рамках этого процесса, а не стандартное решение, навязываемое Вашингтоном.
    •• Кроме country ownership есть еще и total ownership. Вот замечательный фрагмент из книги Боба Вудворда Plan of Attack:
    •• Monday, Jan. 13, Powell and Bush met in the Oval Office. The president was sitting in his regular chair in front of the fireplace, and the secretary was in the chair reserved for the visiting leader or most senior U.S. official. For once, neither Cheney nor Rice was hovering.
    •• <...> The president said he had made up his mind on war. The United States should go to war.
    •• “You’re sure?” Powell asked.
    •• Yes, said Bush.
    •• “ You understand the consequences,” Powell said in a half question. <...> “You know that you’re going to be owning this place?” Powell said, reminding Bush of what he had told him at a dinner the previous August in which Powell had made the case against military action in Iraq. An invasion would mean assuming the hopes, aspirations and all the troubles of Iraq. Powell wasn’t sure whether Bush had fully understood the meaning and consequences of total ownership.
    •• But I think I have to do this, the president said.
    •• Right, Powell said.
    •• You’re going to be owning this place – русское слово владеть здесь совсем не подходит. Видимо, фразу Пауэлла можно было бы, учитывая последующее, перевести так: Вы понимаете, что будете отвечать за все? Total ownership – полная ответственность.
    •• Вообще мало что так способствует обогащению языка, как полемика по острым политическим проблемам. В США главной из них в последние годы, безусловно, является иракская война. Среди языковых новаций, связанных с ней, – the Pottery Barn rule.
    •• Цитирую по National Public Radio ту же книгу Вудворда Plan of Attack:
    •• According to a new book by Washington Post journalist Bob Woodward, Powell was supportive of the war in public in an effort to win international support. But he was also concerned about the complications of a war. Woodward wrote that behind the scenes, Powell used language from one of Tom Friedman’s columns in referring to the “ Pottery Barn rule” of foreign policy. That is: “you break it, you own it.”
    •• ( Pottery Barn – магазин типа «для дома, для семьи», среди прочего торгует керамикой, посудой, стеклом. Таким образом, Pottery Barn rule – что-то вроде правила посудной лавки). Смысл «правила» вроде бы прост: разбил – плати. Однако не все так просто – и в жизни, и в переводе.
    •• Автор статьи в Washington Post Уильям Распбери, упомянув это «правило» (the so-called Pottery Barn rule invoked by Secretary of State Colin Powell in his prewar advice to President Bush), дальше пишет: And what, finally, of the “ you break it, you own it” imperative ( which Pottery Barn says is not its policy)?
    •• Проверка в Интернете подтверждает, что магазин ни при чем:
    •• Responding to Colin Powell’s use of the phrase “The Pottery Barn Rule” to refer to the rule “You break it, you own it,” Williams-Sonoma, parent of Pottery Barn, has issued a press release stating that its policy is in fact to write-down breakage. Более того: The State Department <...> issued a statement yesterday indicating that it did not intend to cast aspersions on the Pottery Barn mark.
    •• Да и перевод плати при ближайшем рассмотрении оказывается не лучшим вариантом, ведь Пауэлл имел в виду не только чисто финансовые последствия, но и то, что, пойдя на военные действия, администрация берет на себя ответственность за целую страну. Итак, перевод Разбил – плати верен лишь отчасти. Хотя слово платить имеет и переносный смысл (отвечать за последствия), в переводе этой фразы лучше так и сказать: Разбил/сломал – отвечай ( за последствия).

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > ownership

  • 8 cabeza

    f.
    1 head.
    me duele la cabeza I've got a headache
    lavarse la cabeza to wash one's hair
    por cabeza per head
    tirarse de cabeza (al agua) to dive (into the water)
    cabeza de ajo head of garlic
    cabeza (lectora) (gen)&(computing) head
    cabeza nuclear nuclear warhead
    2 unit.
    3 lead, leading position.
    * * *
    1 (gen) head
    2 figurado (juicio) good judgement; (talento) talent, intelligence
    3 (de región) main town
    1 (jefe) head, leader
    \
    a la cabeza de at the front of, at the top of
    andar de cabeza / ir de cabeza to be rushed off one's feet
    andar de cabeza por alguien to be crazy about somebody
    cabeza abajo upside down
    cabeza arriba the right way up, upright
    calentarse la cabeza por algo to get worked up about something
    de cabeza (mentalmente) in one's head 2 (de memoria) from memory
    darse de cabeza contra algo to bang one's head against something
    de pies a cabeza from head to toe, from top to toe
    estar mal de la cabeza figurado not to be right in the head
    meterse algo en la cabeza familiar to get something into one's head
    no levantar cabeza familiar (en deporte) not to find form 2 (en negocios) not to get off the ground
    no tener ni pies ni cabeza figurado to be absurd, make no sense
    perder la cabeza figurado to lose one's head
    quitarle a alguien algo de la cabeza figurado to talk somebody out of something
    quitarse algo de la cabeza to get something out of one's head, forget something
    ser un cabeza dura to be stubborn
    subirse algo a la cabeza figurado to go to one's head
    tirarse de cabeza to dive head first (a/en, into)
    traer a alguien de cabeza / llevar a alguien de cabeza to drive somebody crazy, drive somebody mad
    volver la cabeza to look round
    cabeza de ajo bulb of garlic
    cabeza de espárrago asparagus tip
    cabeza de lista main candidate
    cabeza de partido administrative capital
    cabeza de puente bridgehead
    cabeza de turco scapegoat
    cabeza hueca scatterbrain
    cabeza loca familiar scatterbrain
    cabeza rapada skinhead
    * * *
    noun f.
    - cabeza de serie
    - cabeza de turco
    - cabeza dura
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) [de persona] head

    me duele la cabeza — I've got a headache, my head aches

    • afirmar con la cabeza — to nod (one's head)

    • agarrarse la cabeza — to hold one's head in one's hands

    • asentir con la cabeza — to nod (one's head)

    • caer de cabeza — to fall headfirst o headlong

    marcar de cabeza — (Dep) to score with a header

    • lavarse la cabeza — to wash one's hair

    • levantar la cabeza — (=mirar) to look up

    • negar con la cabeza — to shake one's head

    • por cabeza, cinco dólares por cabeza — five dollars a head, five dollars per person

    • se me va la cabeza — I feel giddy

    • volver la cabeza — to look round, turn one's head

    • me da vueltas la cabeza — my head's spinning

    2)
    - andar o ir de cabeza

    cortar cabezas —

    írsele a algn de la cabeza —

    el Sporting sigue sin levantar cabeza — Sporting still haven't managed to end their poor run of form, Sporting haven't managed to turn the corner

    hay sectores como la construcción que empiezan a levantar cabeza — some sectors, such as construction, are starting to pick up

    estar mal de la cabeza *, no estar bien de la cabeza * —

    meter algo en la cabeza a algn —

    por fin le metimos en la cabeza que... — we finally got it into his head that...

    metérsele a algn en la cabeza —

    se le ha metido en la cabeza hacerlo solo — he's taken o got it into his head to do it alone

    pasársele a algn por la cabeza —

    subirse a la cabeza —

    3) (=frente)

    • a la cabeza de, a la cabeza de la manifestación — at the head o front of the demonstration

    • ir en cabeza — to be in the lead

    ir en cabeza de la lista — to be at the top of the list, head the list

    4) (=distancia) head
    5) [de montaña] top, summit
    6) (=objeto)

    cabeza buscadora — homing head, homing device

    cabeza de biela — (Mec) big end

    cabeza de dragón — (Bot) snapdragon

    cabeza de escritura — (Tip) golf ball

    cabeza de impresión — (Inform) head, printhead

    cabeza de plátanos — LAm bunch of bananas

    cabeza impresora — (Inform) head, printhead

    2. SMF
    1) (=líder) head, leader

    es cabeza de las fuerzas armadas — he's head o the leader of the armed forces

    2)

    cabeza cuadrada — * bigot

    cabeza de chorlito — * scatterbrain

    cabeza de serie — (Dep) seed

    cabeza de serrín — * airhead *

    cabeza pelada — ( Hist) Roundhead

    cabeza visible — head, leader

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Anat) head

    un día vas a perder la cabeza — (fam & hum) you'd lose your head if it wasn't screwed on (colloq & hum)

    pararse en la or de cabeza — (AmL) to do a headstand

    b) ( medida) head

    le lleva or saca una cabeza a su hermana — he's a head taller than his sister

    c) ( pelo) hair

    tiene cabeza — he's bright, he has a good head on his shoulders

    qué poca cabeza! — have you/has he no sense?

    e) ( mente)

    tú estás mal de la cabeza — you're out of your mind

    se le ha metido en la cabeza que... — she's got it into her head that...

    andar or ir de cabeza — (fam)

    ando de cabeza con tanto trabajo — I'm up to my eyeballs o eyes in work

    anda de cabeza por ella — he's crazy about her

    calentarle a algn la cabeza con algo — (fam) to fill sb's head with sth

    calentarse la cabeza — (fam) to get worked up (colloq)

    cortar cabezas: en cuanto asumió el cargo entró a cortar cabezas as soon as she took up her post, heads started to roll; darse (con) la cabeza contra la pared ver cabezazo; ir con la cabeza ( bien) alta to hold one's head high; írsele a algn la cabeza: se me va la cabeza I feel dizzy; jugarse la cabeza (RPl fam): va a llegar tarde, me juego la cabeza you can bet your bottom dollar she'll be late (colloq); levantar cabeza (fam) ( superar problemas) to get back on one's feet; levantar la cabeza: ha estado estudiando sin levantar la cabeza she's had her head buried in her work; si tu padre levantara la cabeza! if your father was alive today...!; meterse de cabeza en algo (fam) to throw oneself into sth; no caberle a algn en la cabeza (fam): no me cabe en la cabeza que te guste I just can't understand how you can like it; en qué cabeza cabe! how could anyone be so stupid!; perder la cabeza: no perdamos la cabeza let's not panic o lose our heads; perdió la cabeza por esa mujer he lost his head over that woman; quebrarse la cabeza (Andes fam) to rack one's brains; quitarle a algn algo de la cabeza to get sth out of sb's head; quitarse algo de la cabeza < idea> to get sth out of one's head; romperse la cabeza (fam) ( preocuparse) to rack one's brains; ( lastimarse) to break one's neck (colloq); sentar (la) cabeza (fam) to settle down; subírsele a algn a la cabeza vino/éxito to go to one's head; tener la cabeza sobre los hombros (fam) to have one's head screwed on tight (AmE colloq) o (BrE colloq) screwed on; tener la cabeza llena de pájaros (fam) to have one's head in the clouds; tengo/tiene la cabeza como un bombo (fam) (me/le duele) my/his/her head feels ready to burst (colloq); (estoy/está confundido) my/his/her head's spinning; traer or llevar a algn de cabeza (fam) to drive sb crazy (colloq); nadie escarmienta en cabeza ajena — people only learn from their own mistakes

    2)
    a) ( individuo)

    por cabeza — each, a head

    b) ( de ganado) head
    3) (primer lugar, delantera)

    a la or en cabeza: estamos a la cabeza del sector we are the leading company in this sector; se colocaron a la cabeza de los otros partidos they took the lead over the other parties; iban a la cabeza de la manifestación they were at the front o head of the demonstration; el equipo va en cabeza de la clasificación — the team is at the top of the division

    4)
    a) (de alfiler, clavo, fósforo) head
    b) ( de misil) warhead
    5) (Audio, Video) head
    6) ( de plátanos) hand, bunch
    •
    * * *
    = head, knocker.
    Ex. From the way his left shoulder is tipped forward, from the set of his head and the length of his stride, one gets the feeling that he is a fully clothed sprinter just leaving the starting blocks.
    Ex. He got hit with a cricket ball, smack right on top of his knocker.
    ----
    * abrirse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head, smash + Posesivo + head open.
    * águila de cabeza blanca = bald eagle.
    * a la cabeza de = in the forefront of/in.
    * apostarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * asentimiento con la cabeza = head-nod [head nod], nodding assent, nod.
    * asentir con la cabeza = nod, nod + assent, concur with + an assenting nod, agree with + a nod.
    * asomar la cabeza = poke + Posesivo + head, pop + Posesivo + head.
    * caber en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around.
    * cabeza de ajo = head of garlic, bulb of garlic.
    * cabeza de chorlito = scatterbrain, ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditz, dits, ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.], airhead, airheaded, empty-headed, bonehead, birdbrain, nong, ning-nong.
    * cabeza de familia = head of the household, householder, head of the family.
    * cabeza de impresión = print head.
    * cabeza de la manada = leader of the pack.
    * cabeza de lanza = spearhead.
    * cabeza de lectura = scanning head.
    * cabeza de línea = railhead.
    * cabeza de muñeco que se balancea ligeramente = bobble head.
    * cabeza de playa = beachhead.
    * cabeza de puente = bridgehead.
    * cabeza de puente aéreo = airhead.
    * cabeza de semillas = seed head.
    * cabeza de serrín = ditz, dits, airhead, airheaded.
    * cabeza de turco = patsy, scapegoat, whipping boy.
    * cabeza dura = pigheaded.
    * cabeza fría = cool head.
    * cabeza hueca = empty-headed, ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditz, dits, ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.], airhead, airheaded, bonehead, nong, ning-nong.
    * cabeza lectora = read head, reading head.
    * cabeza lectora de disco = disc reading head.
    * cabeza llena de pájaros = head in the clouds.
    * cabeza nuclear = warhead.
    * cabeza + rodar = head + roll.
    * caer de cabeza = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * cigüeña de cabeza pelada = wood stork.
    * con la cabeza en las nubes = ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.].
    * cortar la cabeza = behead.
    * dar quebraderos de cabeza = give + headaches.
    * declarar la guerra a muerte a = declare + open season on.
    * de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.
    * de pies a cabeza = from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * desde la cabeza hasta los pies = from head to toe.
    * desde la cabeza hasta los pies = head to toe, from head to foot.
    * destornillador de cabeza plana = flathead screwdriver.
    * dolor de cabeza = headache.
    * dolor de cabeza espantoso = splitting headache.
    * echar una cana al aire antes de sentar la cabeza = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * en + Posesivo + cabeza = on + Posesivo + mind.
    * entrar en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, get it into + Posesivo + head.
    * esconder la cabeza como el avestruz = bury + Posesivo + head in the sand (like an ostrich), stick + Posesivo + head in the sand.
    * herida en la cabeza = head injury.
    * irse la cabeza = go + bananas.
    * írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.
    * jugarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * lanzarse de cabeza = jump in with + both feet.
    * lavarse la cabeza = wash + Posesive + hair, shampoo + Posesivo + hair.
    * lesión en la cabeza = head injury.
    * levantar la cabeza = cock + Posesivo + head.
    * liarse la manta a la cabeza = jump in + head first, jump in at + the deep end, throw + caution to the wind.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * meter en la cabeza = get it into + Posesivo + head.
    * mover la cabeza = shake + head.
    * mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.
    * mover la cabeza de forma brusca hacia delante y hacia atrás = jerk + head.
    * no dejar títere con cabeza = turn + everything upside down.
    * no encontrar ni el pie ni la cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.
    * no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.
    * no tener ni pies ni cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of, be pointless.
    * pasar por encima de la cabeza = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * pedir la cabeza de Alguien = bay for + Posesivo + blood.
    * pensamiento que ronda la cabeza de uno = thought + run through + Posesivo + head.
    * perder la cabeza = lose + Posesivo + mind, lose + Posesivo + head, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, fly off + the handle, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go + soft in the head.
    * piojo de la cabeza = head louse.
    * poner a + Nombre + a la cabeza de = put + Nombre + ahead in.
    * poner precio a la cabeza de Alguien = put + a price on + Posesivo + head.
    * por cabeza = per person.
    * quebradero de cabeza = headache.
    * rascarse la cabeza = scratch + Posesivo + head.
    * reventarse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head.
    * romperse la cabeza = puzzle + Reflexivo, scratch + Posesivo + head, rack + Posesivo + brains.
    * sentar la cabeza = settle down.
    * señal con la cabeza = nod.
    * sin cabeza = headless, decapitated.
    * sin pies ni cabeza = without rhyme or reason.
    * subírsele a la cabeza, creérselo = go to + Posesivo + head.
    * subírsele los humos a la cabeza = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * tirarse de cabeza = jump in + head first, dive in, dive + head-first.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Anat) head

    un día vas a perder la cabeza — (fam & hum) you'd lose your head if it wasn't screwed on (colloq & hum)

    pararse en la or de cabeza — (AmL) to do a headstand

    b) ( medida) head

    le lleva or saca una cabeza a su hermana — he's a head taller than his sister

    c) ( pelo) hair

    tiene cabeza — he's bright, he has a good head on his shoulders

    qué poca cabeza! — have you/has he no sense?

    e) ( mente)

    tú estás mal de la cabeza — you're out of your mind

    se le ha metido en la cabeza que... — she's got it into her head that...

    andar or ir de cabeza — (fam)

    ando de cabeza con tanto trabajo — I'm up to my eyeballs o eyes in work

    anda de cabeza por ella — he's crazy about her

    calentarle a algn la cabeza con algo — (fam) to fill sb's head with sth

    calentarse la cabeza — (fam) to get worked up (colloq)

    cortar cabezas: en cuanto asumió el cargo entró a cortar cabezas as soon as she took up her post, heads started to roll; darse (con) la cabeza contra la pared ver cabezazo; ir con la cabeza ( bien) alta to hold one's head high; írsele a algn la cabeza: se me va la cabeza I feel dizzy; jugarse la cabeza (RPl fam): va a llegar tarde, me juego la cabeza you can bet your bottom dollar she'll be late (colloq); levantar cabeza (fam) ( superar problemas) to get back on one's feet; levantar la cabeza: ha estado estudiando sin levantar la cabeza she's had her head buried in her work; si tu padre levantara la cabeza! if your father was alive today...!; meterse de cabeza en algo (fam) to throw oneself into sth; no caberle a algn en la cabeza (fam): no me cabe en la cabeza que te guste I just can't understand how you can like it; en qué cabeza cabe! how could anyone be so stupid!; perder la cabeza: no perdamos la cabeza let's not panic o lose our heads; perdió la cabeza por esa mujer he lost his head over that woman; quebrarse la cabeza (Andes fam) to rack one's brains; quitarle a algn algo de la cabeza to get sth out of sb's head; quitarse algo de la cabeza < idea> to get sth out of one's head; romperse la cabeza (fam) ( preocuparse) to rack one's brains; ( lastimarse) to break one's neck (colloq); sentar (la) cabeza (fam) to settle down; subírsele a algn a la cabeza vino/éxito to go to one's head; tener la cabeza sobre los hombros (fam) to have one's head screwed on tight (AmE colloq) o (BrE colloq) screwed on; tener la cabeza llena de pájaros (fam) to have one's head in the clouds; tengo/tiene la cabeza como un bombo (fam) (me/le duele) my/his/her head feels ready to burst (colloq); (estoy/está confundido) my/his/her head's spinning; traer or llevar a algn de cabeza (fam) to drive sb crazy (colloq); nadie escarmienta en cabeza ajena — people only learn from their own mistakes

    2)
    a) ( individuo)

    por cabeza — each, a head

    b) ( de ganado) head
    3) (primer lugar, delantera)

    a la or en cabeza: estamos a la cabeza del sector we are the leading company in this sector; se colocaron a la cabeza de los otros partidos they took the lead over the other parties; iban a la cabeza de la manifestación they were at the front o head of the demonstration; el equipo va en cabeza de la clasificación — the team is at the top of the division

    4)
    a) (de alfiler, clavo, fósforo) head
    b) ( de misil) warhead
    5) (Audio, Video) head
    6) ( de plátanos) hand, bunch
    •
    * * *
    = head, knocker.

    Ex: From the way his left shoulder is tipped forward, from the set of his head and the length of his stride, one gets the feeling that he is a fully clothed sprinter just leaving the starting blocks.

    Ex: He got hit with a cricket ball, smack right on top of his knocker.
    * abrirse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head, smash + Posesivo + head open.
    * águila de cabeza blanca = bald eagle.
    * a la cabeza de = in the forefront of/in.
    * apostarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * asentimiento con la cabeza = head-nod [head nod], nodding assent, nod.
    * asentir con la cabeza = nod, nod + assent, concur with + an assenting nod, agree with + a nod.
    * asomar la cabeza = poke + Posesivo + head, pop + Posesivo + head.
    * caber en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around.
    * cabeza de ajo = head of garlic, bulb of garlic.
    * cabeza de chorlito = scatterbrain, ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditz, dits, ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.], airhead, airheaded, empty-headed, bonehead, birdbrain, nong, ning-nong.
    * cabeza de familia = head of the household, householder, head of the family.
    * cabeza de impresión = print head.
    * cabeza de la manada = leader of the pack.
    * cabeza de lanza = spearhead.
    * cabeza de lectura = scanning head.
    * cabeza de línea = railhead.
    * cabeza de muñeco que se balancea ligeramente = bobble head.
    * cabeza de playa = beachhead.
    * cabeza de puente = bridgehead.
    * cabeza de puente aéreo = airhead.
    * cabeza de semillas = seed head.
    * cabeza de serrín = ditz, dits, airhead, airheaded.
    * cabeza de turco = patsy, scapegoat, whipping boy.
    * cabeza dura = pigheaded.
    * cabeza fría = cool head.
    * cabeza hueca = empty-headed, ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditz, dits, ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.], airhead, airheaded, bonehead, nong, ning-nong.
    * cabeza lectora = read head, reading head.
    * cabeza lectora de disco = disc reading head.
    * cabeza llena de pájaros = head in the clouds.
    * cabeza nuclear = warhead.
    * cabeza + rodar = head + roll.
    * caer de cabeza = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * cigüeña de cabeza pelada = wood stork.
    * con la cabeza en las nubes = ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.].
    * cortar la cabeza = behead.
    * dar quebraderos de cabeza = give + headaches.
    * declarar la guerra a muerte a = declare + open season on.
    * de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.
    * de pies a cabeza = from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * desde la cabeza hasta los pies = from head to toe.
    * desde la cabeza hasta los pies = head to toe, from head to foot.
    * destornillador de cabeza plana = flathead screwdriver.
    * dolor de cabeza = headache.
    * dolor de cabeza espantoso = splitting headache.
    * echar una cana al aire antes de sentar la cabeza = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * en + Posesivo + cabeza = on + Posesivo + mind.
    * entrar en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, get it into + Posesivo + head.
    * esconder la cabeza como el avestruz = bury + Posesivo + head in the sand (like an ostrich), stick + Posesivo + head in the sand.
    * herida en la cabeza = head injury.
    * irse la cabeza = go + bananas.
    * írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.
    * jugarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * lanzarse de cabeza = jump in with + both feet.
    * lavarse la cabeza = wash + Posesive + hair, shampoo + Posesivo + hair.
    * lesión en la cabeza = head injury.
    * levantar la cabeza = cock + Posesivo + head.
    * liarse la manta a la cabeza = jump in + head first, jump in at + the deep end, throw + caution to the wind.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * meter en la cabeza = get it into + Posesivo + head.
    * mover la cabeza = shake + head.
    * mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.
    * mover la cabeza de forma brusca hacia delante y hacia atrás = jerk + head.
    * no dejar títere con cabeza = turn + everything upside down.
    * no encontrar ni el pie ni la cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.
    * no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.
    * no tener ni pies ni cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of, be pointless.
    * pasar por encima de la cabeza = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * pedir la cabeza de Alguien = bay for + Posesivo + blood.
    * pensamiento que ronda la cabeza de uno = thought + run through + Posesivo + head.
    * perder la cabeza = lose + Posesivo + mind, lose + Posesivo + head, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, fly off + the handle, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go + soft in the head.
    * piojo de la cabeza = head louse.
    * poner a + Nombre + a la cabeza de = put + Nombre + ahead in.
    * poner precio a la cabeza de Alguien = put + a price on + Posesivo + head.
    * por cabeza = per person.
    * quebradero de cabeza = headache.
    * rascarse la cabeza = scratch + Posesivo + head.
    * reventarse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head.
    * romperse la cabeza = puzzle + Reflexivo, scratch + Posesivo + head, rack + Posesivo + brains.
    * sentar la cabeza = settle down.
    * señal con la cabeza = nod.
    * sin cabeza = headless, decapitated.
    * sin pies ni cabeza = without rhyme or reason.
    * subírsele a la cabeza, creérselo = go to + Posesivo + head.
    * subírsele los humos a la cabeza = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * tirarse de cabeza = jump in + head first, dive in, dive + head-first.

    * * *
    A
    negó con la cabeza she shook her head
    asintió con la cabeza he nodded, he nodded his head
    sacó la cabeza por la ventanilla he stuck o put his head out of the window
    volvió la cabeza para ver si lo seguían he looked around o turned his head to see if he was being followed
    bajó la cabeza avergonzado he lowered his head in shame
    me duele la cabeza I've got a headache, my head aches
    es para darse de or la cabeza contra la pared it's enough to make you cry
    se tiró al agua de cabeza she dived into the water (head first)
    marcó de cabeza he scored with a header o with his head, he headed the ball into the net
    un día vas a perder la cabeza ( fam hum); you'd lose your head if it wasn't screwed on ( colloq hum)
    me unté de grasa de la cabeza hasta los pies I got covered in grease from head to toe o foot
    pararse en la or de cabeza ( AmL); to stand on one's head, to do a headstand
    2 (medida) head
    ganó por una cabeza he won by a head
    le lleva una cabeza a su hermana he's a head taller than his sister, his sister only comes up to his shoulder
    3 (pelo) hair
    me tengo que lavar la cabeza I have to wash my hair
    4
    (inteligencia): tiene cabeza, pero es muy vago he's bright o ( AmE) smart o he has a good head on his shoulders, but he's very lazy
    al pobre niño no le da la cabeza the poor kid doesn't have the brains for it
    usa la cabeza use your head
    nunca tuve cabeza para las ciencias I never had a head for science
    no lo copié, salió todo de mi cabeza I didn't copy it, it was all out of my own head
    ¡qué poca cabeza! have you/has he no sense?
    5
    (mente): ¡que cabeza la mía! se me había olvidado completamente su cumpleaños what a memory! I had totally forgotten her birthday
    tenía la cabeza en otra cosa my mind was elsewhere o I was thinking about something else
    tú estás mal or no estás bien de la cabeza you're crazy, you're out of your mind, you're out of ( AmE) o ( BrE) off your head ( colloq)
    con tantos halagos se le llenó la cabeza de humos all that praise went to his head
    se me ha ido de la cabeza it's gone right out of my head
    ¿quién te ha metido esas ideas en la cabeza? who's put those ideas into your head?
    se le ha metido en la cabeza que se quiere casar she's got it into her head that she wants to get married
    le dije lo primero que me vino a la cabeza I said the first thing that came into my head
    jamás se me pasó por la cabeza semejante idea the idea never even crossed my mind
    ya te puedes ir quitando or sacando a esa mujer de la cabeza you'd better start getting that woman out of your head, you'd better start forgetting about that woman
    andar or ir de cabeza ( fam): ando de cabeza con tanto trabajo I'm up to my eyeballs o eyes in work
    anda de cabeza por ella he's crazy about her
    calentarle a algn la cabeza con algo ( fam); to fill sb's head with sth
    calentarse la cabeza ( fam); to get worked up ( colloq)
    como malo de la cabeza ( fam): se puso a comer como malo de la cabeza he stuffed himself silly ( colloq), he ate like there was no tomorrow ( colloq)
    cortar cabezas: en cuanto asumió el cargo entró a cortar cabezas as soon as she took up her post, heads started to roll
    darle por la cabeza a algn ( RPl); to criticize sb, knock sb ( colloq)
    esconder la cabeza ( Chi fam); to make oneself scarce
    ir con la cabeza alta to hold one's head high
    írsele a algn la cabeza: se me va la cabeza I feel dizzy
    jugarse la cabeza ( RPl fam): seguro que llega tarde, me juego la cabeza you can bet your life o your bottom dollar she'll be late ( colloq)
    levantar cabeza ( fam); to get back on one's feet
    aún tienen muchas deudas pero ya levantarán cabeza they've still got a lot of debts but they'll pull through o pick themselves up o get back on their feet
    la selección no levanta cabeza the national team can't get out of its rut
    levantar la cabeza: ha estado estudiando todo el día sin levantar la cabeza she's had her head buried in her work all day
    ¡si tu padre levantara la cabeza! your father would turn in his grave!, if your father was alive today … !
    meterse de cabeza en algo ( fam); to throw oneself into sth
    no caberle a algn en la cabeza ( fam): no me cabe en la cabeza que te guste vivir aquí I just can't understand how you like living here
    ¡en qué cabeza cabe meter un plato de plástico en el horno! who'd be stupid enough to put a plastic plate in the oven?
    perder la cabeza: tranquilidad, no perdamos la cabeza keep calm, let's not panic o lose our heads
    ¿has perdido la cabeza? have you gone crazy?, are you out of your mind?
    perdió la cabeza por esa mujer he lost his head over that woman
    romperse or ( Andes) quebrarse la cabeza ( fam) (preocuparse) to rack one's brains; (lastimarse) to break one's neck ( colloq)
    sentar (la) cabeza ( fam); to settle down
    ser duro de cabeza ( fam); to be stupid
    subírsele a algn a la cabeza: el vino/éxito se le ha subido a la cabeza the wine/her success has gone to her head
    tener la cabeza como un bombo ( fam): tengo la cabeza como un bombo (me duele) I have o I've got a splitting headache! ( colloq), my head feels ready o ( BrE) fit to burst ( colloq) (estoy confundido) my head's spinning, my head feels ready o ( BrE) fit to burst ( colloq)
    tener la cabeza como un colador to have a head like a sieve
    tener la cabeza en su sitio or bien puesta or sobre los hombros ( fam); to have one's head screwed on tight ( AmE colloq), to have one's head screwed on ( BrE colloq)
    tener la cabeza llena de pájaros ( fam); to have one's head in the clouds, be living in a fantasy world, be living in cloud-cuckoo-land
    traer or llevar a algn de cabeza ( fam); to drive sb crazy ( colloq)
    trae a los hombres de cabeza she drives men wild o crazy ( colloq)
    más vale ser cabeza de ratón que cola de león it's better to be a big fish in a small pond than a small fish in a big pond
    nadie escarmienta en cabeza ajena people only learn from their own mistakes, you have to make your own mistakes
    Compuestos:
    masculine and feminine ( fam) scatterbrain ( colloq)
    headcheese ( AmE), brawn ( BrE)
    masculine and feminine ( Ven fam) clumsy idiot ( colloq)
    feminine ( Chi fam): salió con su cabeza de pescado he made a silly remark
    hablaban cabezas de pescado they were talking a load of nonsense ( colloq)
    masculine and feminine ( Chi fam) scatterbrain ( colloq)
    A
    masculine and feminine ( fam): es un cabeza dura he's so stubborn o ( colloq) pigheaded
    B adjective pigheaded ( colloq), stubborn
    masculine and feminine ( fam) scatterbrain ( colloq)
    B
    1
    (individuo): por cabeza each, a head
    pagamos $50 por cabeza we paid $50 a head o each
    tienen más de 600 cabezas (de ganado) they have more than 600 head of cattle
    C
    (primer lugar, delantera): se hizo con la cabeza she got to the front, she went into the lead
    a la or en cabeza: estamos a la cabeza de las empresas del sector we are the leading company in this sector
    se colocaron a la cabeza de los otros partidos en los sondeos they took the lead over the other parties in the opinion polls
    iban a la cabeza de la manifestación they were at the front o head of the demonstration, they were leading o heading the demonstration
    el equipo va en cabeza de la clasificación the team is at the top of o leads the division
    Compuestos:
    masculine and feminine leader, lead climber
    masculine and feminine head of the family
    masculine head of the Church
    feminine beachhead
    feminine bridgehead
    derrotó a Guillén, cabeza de serie número cuatro he beat Guillén, seeded number four o the fourth seed o the number four seed
    D
    1 (de un alfiler, un clavo, una cerilla) head
    2 (de un misil) warhead
    Compuestos:
    atomic warhead
    ● cabeza de biela or émbolo
    main bearing, big end ( BrE)
    warhead
    nuclear warhead
    E ( Audio, Vídeo) head
    Compuestos:
    write head
    recording head
    playback head
    playback head
    F (de plátanos) hand, bunch
    Compuesto:
    bulb of garlic
    G (de un camión) tractor unit
    * * *

     

    cabeza sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (Anat) head;

    ◊ de la cabeza a los pies from head to toe o foot;

    me duele la cabeza I've got a headache;
    marcó de cabeza he scored with a header;
    pararse en la or de cabeza (AmL) to do a headstand;
    cabeza rapada skinhead
    b) ( medida) head;


    c) ( pelo) hair;




    ¡qué poca cabeza! have you/has he no sense?
    e) ( mente):

    ◊ ¡que cabeza la mía! what a memory!;

    tú estás mal de la cabeza you're out of your mind;
    se me ha ido de la cabeza it's gone right out of my head;
    se le ha metido en la cabeza que … she's got it into her head that …;
    no se me pasó por la cabeza it didn't cross my mind;
    cabeza de chorlito sustantivo masculino y femenino (fam) scatterbrain (colloq);
    írsele a algn la cabeza to feel dizzy;
    levantar cabeza (fam) ( superar problemas) to get back on one's feet;
    perder la cabeza: no perdamos la cabeza let's not panic o lose our heads;
    perdió la cabeza por esa mujer he lost his head over that woman;
    quitarle a algn algo de la cabeza to get sth out of sb's head;
    romperse la cabeza (fam) ( preocuparse) to rack one's brains;

    ( lastimarse) to break one's neck (colloq);

    tener la cabeza llena de pájaros (fam) to have one's head in the clouds
    2
    a) ( individuo):




    3 (primer lugar, delantera):

    a la cabeza de la manifestación at the front o head of the demonstration;
    el equipo va en cabeza de la clasificación the team is at the top of the division;
    cabeza de familia head of the family;
    cabeza de serie seed
    4
    a) (de alfiler, clavo, fósforo) head


    5 (Audio, Video) head
    6 ( de plátanos) hand, bunch;

    cabeza sustantivo femenino
    1 head: le dolía la cabeza, she had a headache
    2 (sentido común) sense
    3 (mente) mind, head: no se me pasó por la cabeza it didn't even occur to me
    no puedo quitármelo de la cabeza, I can't get it out of my mind
    me vino a la cabeza la idea, the idea sprang to my mind
    4 (habilidad) no tiene cabeza para los negocios, he hasn't got a good head for business
    5 (cabellera) hair: se lavó la cabeza, he washed his hair
    6 (responsable, líder) es la cabeza pensante de la banda, he's the brains behind the gang
    la cabeza de la Iglesia Anglicana, the head of the Anglican Church
    cabeza de familia, head of the family 7 cabeza de ajo, bulb of garlic
    8 familiar cabeza de chorlito, scatterbrain, featherhead
    cabeza dura, stubborn o obstinate person
    cabeza de turco, scapegoat
    cabeza rapada, skinhead
    Dep cabeza de serie, heat, seed: jugará contra el cabeza de serie número 2, she's going to play against the second seed
    9 cabeza de ganado, head of cattle
    ♦ Locuciones: a la cabeza de, at the front o top of
    con la cabeza alta, with one's head held high: puedes decirlo con la cabeza bien alta, you can say it with your head held high
    de cabeza, (de lleno) completely
    (en natación) se tiró de cabeza a la piscina, he dived headfirst into the pool
    Dep metió un gol de cabeza, he headed a goal
    en cabeza, in the lead
    estar mal/tocado de la cabeza, to be a mental case
    perder la cabeza, to lose one's temper
    rodar cabezas: si baja la cotización, van a rodar cabezas, if the share price goes down heads will roll
    romperse la cabeza, to rack one's brains
    traer a alguien de cabeza, to drive sb mad
    por cabeza, per person: debemos poner cinco mil pesetas por cabeza, we should charge five thousand pesetas per head
    sentar la cabeza: ya tienes edad de sentar la cabeza, it's about time you settled down
    ' cabeza' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acéfala
    - acéfalo
    - ajo
    - asentir
    - bajar
    - brecha
    - cabecear
    - caber
    - cabezazo
    - cabezón
    - cabezona
    - cabezudo
    - calentar
    - calentarse
    - cantidad
    - casco
    - chorlito
    - coco
    - dar
    - descolgarse
    - descontar
    - desgraciada
    - desgraciado
    - entrar
    - escalabrar
    - escarmentar
    - gacha
    - gacho
    - girar
    - hueca
    - hueco
    - inclinar
    - infernal
    - jaqueca
    - ladear
    - matar
    - melón
    - mover
    - negación
    - pájaro
    - pañuelo
    - pie
    - por
    - quebradero
    - reclinar
    - remate
    - reposar
    - romperse
    - rondar
    - sacar
    English:
    above
    - ache
    - aching
    - ahead
    - bad
    - balance
    - bang
    - bare
    - bash
    - bash in
    - bend
    - bonk
    - bow
    - bump
    - catch up
    - clear
    - cock
    - crack
    - crush
    - crushing
    - dive
    - dizzy
    - excruciating
    - giddy
    - grave
    - hair
    - hammer
    - hang
    - head
    - head-first
    - headache
    - headroom
    - hit
    - hold
    - idea
    - incline
    - keep down
    - knock
    - lead
    - lift
    - look round
    - lose
    - mind
    - monstrous
    - nod
    - nut
    - one-track
    - overhead
    - pat
    - per capita
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [de persona, animal] head;
    me duele la cabeza I've got a headache;
    bajar o [m5] doblar la cabeza to bow one's head;
    de cabeza [en fútbol] with a header;
    marcó de cabeza he scored with his head o with a header, he headed a goal;
    tirarse de cabeza (al agua) to dive (into the water);
    se tiró de cabeza a la piscina she dived into the pool;
    Am
    en cabeza [sin sombrero] bareheaded;
    le lleva una cabeza a su madre she's a head taller than her mother;
    Fam
    le abrieron la cabeza de un ladrillazo they split his skull with a brick;
    lavarse la cabeza to wash one's hair;
    Fam
    alzar o [m5] levantar cabeza to get back on one's feet, to recover;
    desde que perdieron la final, no han conseguido alzar o [m5] levantar cabeza they still haven't recovered from losing the final, they still haven't managed to pick themselves up after losing the final;
    no hay manera de que alce o [m5] levante cabeza it's hard to see her recovering o getting over it;
    ¡si tu padre levantara la cabeza…! your father would turn in his grave…!;
    Fam
    calentar o [m5] hinchar la cabeza a alguien to drive sb mad;
    no te calientes más la cabeza, no hay nada que hacer stop getting worked up o Br het up about it, there's nothing we can do;
    con la cabeza (bien) alta with one's head held high;
    Fam
    la cabeza me da vueltas my head's spinning;
    darse de cabeza en la pared: se dio de cabeza en la pared por haber actuado tan torpemente she kicked herself for behaving so stupidly;
    Fam
    se me va la cabeza [me mareo] I feel dizzy;
    RP Fam
    jugarse la cabeza to be absolutely sure;
    ¿te parece que al final se van a casar? – ¡me juego la cabeza! do you think that they'll end up getting married? – you can bet on it!;
    me juego la cabeza que hoy gana Nacional I'll give you any odds Nacional wins today;
    meter la cabeza to get one's foot in the door;
    meterse de cabeza en algo to plunge into sth;
    Fam
    tengo la cabeza como un bombo my head is throbbing;
    Fam
    me estás poniendo la cabeza como un bombo con tantas preguntas estúpidas you're making my head spin o hurt with all those stupid questions;
    Fam
    rodar cabezas: si no se producen resultados, rodarán cabezas if things don't get better, heads will roll;
    Fam
    romperse o [m5] quebrarse la cabeza to Br rack o US cudgel one's brains;
    le amenazó con romperle la cabeza he threatened to smash her head in o to bash her brains in;
    sacar la cabeza [aparecer] to show one's face;
    [atreverse] to speak up; Fam
    subirse a la cabeza: se le subió a la cabeza it went to his head;
    el vino se le subió a la cabeza the wine went to her head;
    se le ha subido a la cabeza el ascenso his promotion has gone to his head;
    Fam
    tener la cabeza a pájaros o [m5] llena de pájaros to have one's head in the clouds;
    Fam Fam
    tenía la cabeza en otra parte my mind was wandering, my thoughts were elsewhere;
    Fam
    tener la cabeza en su sitio o [m5] bien puesta to have a sound head on one's shoulders, to have one's head screwed on (properly);
    volver la cabeza [negar el saludo] to turn away;
    más vale ser cabeza de ratón que cola de león it's better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven
    Culin cabeza de jabalí Br brawn, US headcheese
    2. [mente]
    tiene buena cabeza para los números she has a (good) head for numbers;
    Fam
    andar o [m5]estar mal de la cabeza, RP [m5] estar de la cabeza to be funny in the head;
    no me cabe en la cabeza I simply can't understand it;
    no me cabe en la cabeza que haya sido él I can't believe it was him;
    írsele a alguien de la cabeza: se me ha ido completamente de la cabeza it's gone clean out of my mind o head;
    no consigo que el accidente se me vaya de la cabeza I can't get the accident out of my mind;
    meter algo en la cabeza a alguien to get sth into sb's head;
    métete en la cabeza que no vas a poder ir get it into your head that you're not going to be able to go;
    se le ha metido en la cabeza que… he has got it into his head that…;
    se me pasó por la cabeza it crossed my mind;
    venir a la cabeza to come to mind;
    ahora no me viene a la cabeza I can't think of it right now;
    me he olvidado, ¡qué mala cabeza tengo! how silly of me to forget!
    tener mucha cabeza to have brains
    3. [juicio] sense;
    tener poca cabeza to have no sense;
    obrar con cabeza to use one's head;
    tener mala cabeza to act foolishly;
    perder la cabeza to lose one's head;
    Pedro ha perdido la cabeza por esa chica Pedro has lost his head over that girl;
    ¿has perdido la cabeza o qué? are you out of your mind?
    4. [posición] front, head;
    cabeza abajo upside down;
    cabeza arriba the right way up;
    a la o [m5] en cabeza [en competición] in front, in the lead;
    [en lista] at the top o head;
    el equipo francés está a la cabeza de la clasificación the French team is top of the league;
    está situado en (la) cabeza del pelotón he's at the front of the pack, he's amongst the leaders of the pack;
    a la cabeza de [delante de] at the head of;
    [al cargo de] in charge of;
    estar a la cabeza de la empresa to run the company;
    Juan está a la cabeza de la expedición Juan is the leader of the expedition;
    la cabeza visible del movimiento the public face of the movement
    cabeza de mina coalface; Mil cabeza de playa beachhead; Mil & Fig cabeza de puente bridgehead;
    5. [de clavo, alfiler, fémur, cometa] head
    cabeza de ajo head of garlic;
    cabeza atómica nuclear warhead;
    Aut cabeza de biela big end; Informát & TV cabeza de borrado erase head;
    cabeza buscadora [en misil] homing device;
    cabeza grabadora [en vídeo, casete] recording head;
    cabeza lectora [en vídeo, casete] (read) head;
    Informát cabeza lectora-grabadora read-write head;
    cabeza magnética magnetic head;
    cabeza nuclear nuclear warhead;
    cabeza reproductora [en vídeo, casete] (playback) head
    6. [animal cuadrúpedo]
    cabeza (de ganado) head (of cattle)
    7.
    por cabeza [persona] per head;
    costará 500 por cabeza it will cost 500 per head;
    pagamos diez euros por cabeza we paid ten euros each
    8. [población] cabeza de partido Br ≈ county town, US ≈ county seat
    9. Comp
    Esp Fam
    andar o [m5] ir de cabeza [muy atareado] to be snowed under;
    esta semana voy de cabeza y no he tenido tiempo de llamar a nadie I'm really snowed under this week and I haven't had time to call anyone;
    Esp
    escarmentar en cabeza ajena to learn from another's mistakes;
    RP
    darle por la cabeza a alguien to really lay o slang into sb;
    Fam
    ir de cabeza a to head straight for;
    Esp Fam
    ir de cabeza con alguien [enamorado] to be head over heels in love with sb;
    Esp Fam
    llevar a alguien de cabeza: los hijos la llevan de cabeza the children drive her up the wall;
    Fam
    sentar la cabeza to settle down;
    Fam
    (estar) tocado de la cabeza (to be) touched;
    Esp Fam
    traer de cabeza a alguien to drive sb mad
    ♦ nmf
    Fam cabeza de chorlito [despistado] scatterbrain; [estúpido] airhead; Fam cabeza cuadrada:
    es un cabeza cuadrada he's got his ideas and he won't listen to anyone else;
    Fam cabeza dura:
    es un cabeza dura he's got his ideas and he won't listen to anyone else;
    cabeza de familia head of the family;
    Fam cabeza hueca airhead; Pol cabeza de lista = person who heads a party's list of candidates;
    va como cabeza de lista por Salamanca he's the head of the party list for Salamanca;
    Fam cabeza loca airhead; RP cabeza de novia airhead;
    cabeza pensante: [m5] las cabezas pensantes de la derecha venezolana the policy-makers of the Venezuelan right;
    las cabezas pensantes de la organización the brains behind the organization;
    cabeza rapada skinhead;
    Dep cabeza de serie seed;
    el primer cabeza de serie se enfrenta al segundo the top o number one seed will play the second o number two seed;
    cabeza de turco scapegoat
    * * *
    I f
    1 ANAT head;
    no estar bien de la cabeza fam not be right in the head fam ;
    írsele la cabeza feel giddy o dizzy;
    con la cabeza alta with one’s head held high;
    subírsele a alguien a la cabeza fig go to s.o.’s head;
    llevarse las manos a la cabeza fig throw one’s hands up (in the air);
    ir de cabeza be snowed under;
    sentar la cabeza settle down;
    no levantar cabeza fig be knocked sideways;
    tras la derrota, el equipo no consiguió levantar cabeza the team was knocked sideways by the defeat
    2 ( razón)
    :
    perder la cabeza fig lose one’s head;
    traer a alguien de cabeza drive s.o. crazy;
    3 ( memoria)
    :
    tener mala cabeza have a bad memory
    :
    se me viene a la cabeza … it occurs to me …;
    meterse algo en la cabeza get sth into one’s head;
    quitarse algo de la cabeza get sth out of one’s head;
    calentarle la cabeza a alguien fig fill s.o.’s head with ideas;
    calentarse la cabeza get worked up;
    mantener la cabeza fría keep a cool head;
    romperse la cabeza fig rack one’s brains
    5 ( persona)
    :
    por cabeza per head, per person
    6
    :
    en cabeza the team at the top;
    estar a la cabeza be out in front, be the leader
    II m/f de familia, grupo head
    * * *
    cabeza nf
    1) : head
    2)
    cabeza hueca : scatterbrain
    3)
    de cabeza : head first
    4)
    dolor de cabeza : headache
    * * *
    1. (en general) head
    2. (seso) intelligence
    3. (memoria) memory
    ir a la cabeza / ir en cabeza to be at the top / to lead [pt. & pp. led]
    perder la cabeza to lose your head [pt. & pp. lost]
    de cabeza headlong / headfirst
    por cabeza a head / per head

    Spanish-English dictionary > cabeza

  • 9 dirección

    f.
    1 direction, guidance, orientation, tack.
    2 address, postal address.
    3 steering wheel, steering.
    4 management, administration.
    5 editorial board.
    6 editorship.
    7 authorities.
    8 leadership, leaders of the party.
    * * *
    1 (acción de dirigir) management, running
    2 (cargo) directorship, position of manager; (de un partido) leadership; (de un colegio) headship; (de editorial) position of editor
    3 (junta) board of directors, management
    4 (oficina) head office, headquarters plural
    5 (sentido) direction, way
    6 (destino) destination
    7 (domicilio) address
    8 TÉCNICA steering
    \
    llevar la dirección de algo to run something, direct something
    dirección asistida AUTOMÓVIL power assisted steering, power steering
    dirección general head office
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) direction, way
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=sentido) direction

    ¿podría indicarme la dirección de la playa? — could you show me the way to the beach?

    • salir con dirección a — to leave for

    • ir en dirección contraria — to go the other way

    • de dos direcciones Esp —

    • ir en dirección a — to go in the direction of, go towards, head for

    el taxi iba en dirección al aeropuerto — the taxi was going in the direction of o towards the airport, the taxi was heading for the airport

    • calle de dirección obligatoria o única — one-way street

    2) (=orientación) way
    3) (=señas) address

    • poner la dirección a un sobre — to address an envelope

    4) (=control) [de empresa, hospital, centro de enseñanza] running; [de partido] leadership; [de película] direction

    dirección colectiva, dirección colegiada — (Pol) collective leadership

    5) (=personal directivo)

    • la dirección — [de empresa, centro escolar] the management; [de partido] the leadership; [de periódico] the editorial board

    prohibido fumar en este local: la dirección — smoking is prohibited in this building: the management

    6) (=cargo) [en colegio] headship, principalship (EEUU); [en periódico, revista] editorship; [en partido] leadership; [de gerente] post of manager; [de alto cargo] directorship
    7) (=despacho) [en colegio] headteacher's office, principal's office (EEUU); [en periódico, revista] editor's office; [de gerente] manager's office; [de alto cargo] director's office
    8) (=oficina principal) head office

    Dirección General de Seguridad — State Security Office, State Security Service

    dirección provincial — regional office of a government department

    9) (Aut, Náut) steering

    dirección asistida, dirección hidráulica — LAm power steering

    * * *
    1) ( señas) address
    2) (sentido, rumbo) direction

    ¿en qué dirección iba? or ¿qué dirección llevaba? — which way was he heading o going?

    3) (Auto) ( mecanismo) steering
    4) (Adm)
    a) ( cargo - en escuela) principalship (AmE), headship (BrE); (- en empresa) post o position of manager
    b) ( cuerpo directivo - de empresa) management; (- de periódico) editorial board; (- de prisión) authorities (pl); (- de partido) leadership
    c) ( oficina - en escuela) principal's office (AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office (BrE); (- en empresa) manager's/director's office; (- en periódico) editorial office
    5)
    a) (de obra, película) direction
    c) (de empresa, proyecto) management
    * * *
    1) ( señas) address
    2) (sentido, rumbo) direction

    ¿en qué dirección iba? or ¿qué dirección llevaba? — which way was he heading o going?

    3) (Auto) ( mecanismo) steering
    4) (Adm)
    a) ( cargo - en escuela) principalship (AmE), headship (BrE); (- en empresa) post o position of manager
    b) ( cuerpo directivo - de empresa) management; (- de periódico) editorial board; (- de prisión) authorities (pl); (- de partido) leadership
    c) ( oficina - en escuela) principal's office (AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office (BrE); (- en empresa) manager's/director's office; (- en periódico) editorial office
    5)
    a) (de obra, película) direction
    c) (de empresa, proyecto) management
    * * *
    dirección1
    1 = administration, directorship, management, senior staff, governance, senior management, top management, headship, steerage, directing, leadership, senior managers.

    Ex: Since the Reagan administration began its war on waste in 1981, farmers and other citizens have had not alternative to buying their information from the private sector at far steeper prices.

    Ex: An applicant for the directorship of a medium-sized public library is asked to explain how he would conduct a community survey and demonstrate how he would plan library programs.
    Ex: The practice of librarianship requires performance of the same management functions irrespective of position.
    Ex: Senior SLIS staff were seen to be relatively content with their present levels of funding which has been modestly increased in recent years = El personal de dirección de las EUBYD parecía estar relativamente contento con sus niveles actuales de financiación que se han incrementado moderadamente en los últimos años.
    Ex: Public libraries specifically face enormous problems of funding and governance.
    Ex: In some library authorities these associations are highly developed and form a positive bridge between junior staff and the senior management.
    Ex: Nevertheless, performance evaluation can be made more effective if, as stated earlier, the program is strongly supported by top management.
    Ex: In the context of collegial management in university libraries, this article presents the advantages and disadvantages of rotating headships.
    Ex: Incorrect reference entry is an unpardonable sin, since the purpose of the entry is to give exact steerage to the original paper from the abstract.
    Ex: All managers should be knowledgeable in strategies of good directing so that a productive and nurturing environment can be created.
    Ex: The leadership challenge is to flatten out differences, identify the new goals, and make tough decisions.
    Ex: Our senior managers are responsible for the day-to-day running of the organisation.
    * asumir la dirección = take over + the leadership (from).
    * bajo la dirección de = under the supervision of.
    * comité de dirección = steering committee.
    * de dirección = directorial, administrative.
    * dirección cinematográfica = film direction.
    * dirección compartida = shared governance.
    * dirección de la biblioteca = library administrators.
    * dirección de la biblioteca, la = library administration, the.
    * dirección general = directorate-general.
    * dirección participativa = participative management.
    * en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.
    * en la dirección = in the saddle.
    * en la dirección (de) = at the helm (of).
    * equipo de dirección = management, management team, administrative team.
    * grupo de dirección = management.
    * junta de dirección = board of directors.
    * junta de dirección de la escuela = school board.
    * nivel alto de dirección = higher management.
    * ocupar un cargo de dirección = hold + a chair.
    * personal de dirección = senior staff, senior management.
    * puesto de dirección = position of leadership.
    * relativo a la dirección = directorial.
    * resumen de la dirección = executive summary.
    * reunión de la dirección = board meeting.

    dirección2
    2 = direction, quarter.

    Ex: Thus the thesaurus user may approach a term from 'either direction'.

    Ex: A reappraisal is therefore outlined here with the understanding that it is open to rebuttal and challenge from whatever quarter.
    * cambiar dirección = change + direction.
    * cambio de dirección = change of hands.
    * continuar en esta dirección = proceed + along this way.
    * dar dirección = lend + direction.
    * dirección del viento = wind direction.
    * en ambas direcciones = two-way.
    * en dirección de la proa = abaft.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * en dirección norte = northbound.
    * en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).
    * en dirección sur = southward(s), southbound.
    * en la dirección de = toward(s).
    * en la dirección de la máquina = machine-direction.
    * en la dirección del viento = downwind.
    * falta de dirección = indirection.
    * indicador de dirección = signpost.
    * línea de dirección = line of direction.
    * mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mirar en otra dirección = look + the other way.
    * por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.
    * seguir una dirección = follow + path, take + path.
    * timón de dirección = rudder.
    * tomar otra dirección = branch off + on a side trail.
    * tomar una dirección = take + direction.

    dirección3
    3 = address.

    Ex: The Acquisitions system uses a Name address Directory as its source of address information for orders.

    * correo con dirección errónea = misdirected mail.
    * dirección de contacto = contact address.
    * dirección de correo = mailing address.
    * dirección de correo electrónico = email address.
    * dirección de envío = shipping address.
    * dirección de facturación = billing address, invoice address.
    * dirección del remitente = return address.
    * dirección de pago = payment address.
    * dirección favorita = bookmark.
    * dirección para correspondencia = mailing address.
    * dirección postal = postal address, mailing address.
    * dirección web = web address.
    * fichero de direcciones = addresses file.
    * intercambio de direcciones = exchange of address.
    * libreta de direcciones = address book.
    * lista de direcciones = mailing list.
    * máquina de imprimir direcciones = addressograph, addressing machine.
    * poner la dirección en un sobre = address + envelope.

    dirección4

    Ex: This article describes in detail the various methods of ink-jet printing employing electrostatic steering, electromagnetic steering, and multiple ink jets.

    * dirección asistida = power steering.

    dirección5
    5 = tack.

    Ex: The simplest tack would be to include the metadata in the notes field but sorting by metadata attributes is problematic and clunky.

    * dirección asistida = power-assisted steering.
    * explorar una dirección = chart + direction.

    * * *
    A (señas) address
    nombre y dirección name and address
    Compuestos:
    absolute address
    business address
    e-mail address
    home address
    postal address
    relative address
    telegraphic address
    B (sentido, rumbo) direction
    circulaba con or en dirección a Madrid it was heading toward(s) Madrid
    ellos venían en dirección contraria they were coming the other way o from the opposite direction
    ¿en qué dirección iba? or ¿qué dirección llevaba? which way was he heading o going?
    su política ha tomado una nueva dirección their policy has taken a new direction
    cambiar de dirección to change direction
    la flecha indica dirección obligatoria the arrow indicates that it's one way only
    C ( Auto) (mecanismo) steering; (volante) steering wheel
    alinear la dirección to align the wheels
    Compuesto:
    power-assisted steering, power steering
    D ( Adm)
    1 (cargo — en una escuela) principalship ( AmE), headship ( BrE); (— en una empresa) post o position of manager
    2 (cuerpo directivo — de una empresa) management; (— de un periódico) editorial board; (— de una prisión) authorities (pl); (— de un partido) leadership
    3 (oficina — en una escuela) principal's office ( AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office ( BrE); (— en una empresa) manager's/director's office; (— en un periódico) editorial office
    E
    1 (de una obra, película) direction
    es su primer trabajo de dirección it's the first time she's directed, it's her first job as a director o her first directing job
    la dirección es de Saura it is directed by Saura
    2
    (de una orquesta): bajo la dirección de Campomar conducted by Campomar
    3 (de una empresa, proyecto) management
    bajo la dirección de su profesor under the guidance of her teacher
    * * *

     

    dirección sustantivo femenino
    1 ( señas) address
    2 (sentido, rumbo) direction;
    ◊ ellos venían en dirección contraria they were coming the other way o from the opposite direction;

    ¿en qué dirección iba? which way was he heading o going?;
    señal de dirección prohibida no-entry sign;
    dirección obligatoria one way only
    3 (Auto) ( mecanismo) steering;

    4 (Adm)
    a) ( cargo — en escuela) principalship (AmE), headship (BrE);

    (— en empresa) post o position of manager

    (— de periódico) editorial board;
    (— de prisión) authorities (pl);
    (— de partido) leadership
    c) ( oficina — en escuela) principal's office (AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office (BrE);

    (— en empresa) manager's/director's office;
    (— en periódico) editorial office
    dirección sustantivo femenino
    1 (sentido, rumbo) direction
    dirección obligatoria, one way only
    dirección prohibida, no entry
    en dirección a, towards
    2 (domicilio) address
    3 Cine Teat direction
    4 (conjunto de dirigentes de una empresa) management
    (de un partido) leadership
    (de un colegio) headship, US principal's office
    5 (cargo de dirección) directorship
    6 (oficina del director) director's office
    7 Auto Téc steering
    dirección asistida, power steering
    ' dirección' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abajo
    - allí
    - cambiarse
    - canalizar
    - cara
    - de
    - derivar
    - DGT
    - dirigir
    - domicilio
    - dorso
    - este
    - girar
    - giro
    - hacia
    - jefatura
    - junta
    - lado
    - llevar
    - para
    - patronal
    - recta
    - recto
    - rumbo
    - saber
    - seña
    - singladura
    - viraje
    - a
    - actual
    - adelante
    - adentro
    - afuera
    - anotar
    - arriba
    - arroba
    - atrás
    - calle
    - camino
    - casualidad
    - contramano
    - contrario
    - deber
    - encabezamiento
    - indicador
    - nordeste
    - noroeste
    - norte
    - oeste
    English:
    address
    - administration
    - ahead
    - ashore
    - back
    - business
    - change
    - course
    - direction
    - double-jointed
    - eastbound
    - entry
    - film making
    - him
    - inquire
    - leadership
    - management
    - negotiation
    - oncoming
    - opposite
    - out of
    - over
    - overseas
    - power steering
    - promptly
    - redirect
    - round
    - self-addressed
    - somewhere
    - south
    - south-east
    - south-west
    - spin
    - steering
    - swing
    - switch
    - to
    - turn
    - up
    - way
    - westward
    - with
    - down
    - east
    - easterly
    - eastward
    - head
    - inland
    - internal
    - may
    * * *
    1. [sentido] direction;
    se halla interrumpido el tráfico en ambas direcciones the road is closed in both directions;
    cambiar de dirección to change direction;
    en dirección contraria in the opposite direction;
    señal de dirección obligatoria = sign indicating that traffic must go in a particular direction;
    dirección prohibida [en letrero] no entry;
    no gires por la siguiente, que es dirección prohibida don't take the next turning, it's no entry;
    circular en dirección prohibida to drive the wrong way up a one-way street
    2. [rumbo] direction;
    con dirección a, en dirección a towards, in the direction of;
    los trenes con o [m5] en dirección a Málaga trains to Malaga;
    ¿en qué dirección ibas? which way were you going?;
    íbamos en dirección a mi casa we were heading for my place;
    el buque avanzaba en la dirección del viento the ship had the wind behind it;
    los acontecimientos han tomado una dirección inesperada events have taken an unexpected turn
    3. [domicilio] address;
    déme su nombre y dirección, por favor could you tell me your name and address, please?
    dirección de entrega shipping address
    4. Informát address
    dirección de correo electrónico e-mail address;
    dirección electrónica [de correo] e-mail address;
    [de página] web page address;
    dirección IP IP address;
    dirección de memoria memory address;
    dirección web web address
    5. [mando, gestión] [de empresa, hospital] management;
    [de partido] leadership; [de colegio] headship; [de periódico] editorship; [de película] direction; [de obra de teatro] production; [de orquesta] conducting;
    estudia dirección de cine he's studying film directing
    6. [oficina] [de empresa, hospital] manager's office;
    [de colegio] Br headmaster's/headmistress's o US principal's office; [de periódico] editor's office
    7. [junta directiva] [de empresa, hospital] management;
    [de partido] leadership; [de colegio] management team; [de periódico] editorial board;
    la dirección de este periódico no se hace responsable de la opinión de sus colaboradores the editors of this newspaper are not responsible for opinions expressed by contributors
    dirección comercial commercial department;
    dirección general head office;
    RP Dirección General Impositiva Br ≈ Inland Revenue, US ≈ IRS;
    Dirección General de Tráfico = government department in charge of road transport
    8. [de vehículo] steering
    Esp dirección asistida power steering; Am dirección hidráulica power steering
    9. Geol strike
    * * *
    f
    1 ( sentido) direction;
    en aquella dirección that way, in that direction;
    2 COM management; POL leadership
    3 de coche steering
    4 TEA, de película direction;
    bajo la dirección de under the direction of, directed by
    5 en carta address
    6 ( rumbo)
    :
    en dirección a heading for;
    en dirección sur heading south
    7
    :
    direcciones pl ( instrucciones) guidelines
    * * *
    dirección nf, pl - ciones
    1) : address
    2) : direction
    3) : management, leadership
    4) : steering (of an automobile)
    * * *
    1. (sentido) direction
    se fue en esa dirección she went in that direction / she went that way
    2. (señas) address [pl. addresses]

    Spanish-English dictionary > dirección

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